home Comp. literacy Hydroacoustic systems pl in anti-submarine warfare. The Navy will purchase hydroacoustic complexes of the Kryakva family Scattering and absorption of sound by inhomogeneities of the medium

Hydroacoustic systems pl in anti-submarine warfare. The Navy will purchase hydroacoustic complexes of the Kryakva family Scattering and absorption of sound by inhomogeneities of the medium

Principles of building active sonar complexes and systems Topic: Questions: 1) Principles of building active sonar 2) Principles of building sonar communication and identification 3) Principles of building sonar mine detection Learning goal: 1. To study the principles of building active sonar 2. To study the principles of work on structural diagrams of active GAS II. Educational goal 1. Activation of cognitive activity of cadets. 2. Formation of command and methodological skills (KMN) and educational work skills (NVR) among cadets. one

Literature: 1. State standards of the USSR and the Russian Federation. GOST 2. Unified system for design documentation (ESKD) 3. Yu. A. Koryakin, S. A. Smirnov, G. V. Yakovlev. Shipborne hydroacoustic technology: state of the art and actual problems. - St. Petersburg. : Nauka, 2004. - 410 p. 177 ill. 4. I. V. Soloviev, G. N. Korolkov, A. A. Baranenko, et al., Marine Radioelectronics: A Handbook. - St. Petersburg. : Polytechnic, 2003. - 246 p. : ill. 5. G. I. Kazantsev, G. G. Kotov, V. B. Lokshin, et al. Hydroacoustics Textbook. - M .: Voen. publisher 1993. 230 p. ill. 2

Depending on the method of obtaining hydroacoustic information (according to the method of using energy), hydroacoustic systems are divided into Active hydroacoustic systems a) Passive hydroacoustic systems reflected or radiated signals from underwater and surface objects. Equivalent terms for an active sonar system are active sonar, echo direction finding, echo location or simply sonar).

Active sonar is a method for detecting and determining the properties of underwater objects, based on the emission of hydroacoustic signals into the aquatic environment, as well as the reception and processing of echo signals that arise as a result of reflection (or scattering) of acoustic waves from underwater objects. Hydroacoustic means (systems) that provide active sonar are called sonars, sonar stations (SLS), or sonar tracts (HL), echo direction finding (ED) and distance measurement (ID) tracts for SJSC. Usually, GLS is understood as systems designed to detect and measure the distance to submarines and other important underwater objects.

Scheme reflecting the principle of detecting and determining the distance to the target Reception of the reflected h / a signal Radiation of the h / a signal D \u003d st / 2 Reflection of the h / a signal

d Transmitting path (Generator device) a e Trigger pulse Information display systems Synchronization systems Trigger pulse b c Power supply system a b c d Reception Emission Acoustic antenna

Acoustic antenna (AA) is designed to convert electrical energy into acoustic and vice versa. The input devices are used to pre-amplify the received signals, as well as to switch the acoustic antenna with the generator and receiver. The generator device generates radiation pulses with specified parameters. The receiving channels of the detection path solve the problems of detecting underwater objects and roughly determining their coordinates. Channels for refining coordinates are designed to accurately determine the coordinates of underwater objects with their subsequent issuance to weapon control systems.

Semi-automatic target tracking systems allow tracking targets in a semi-automatic mode with automatic removal of current coordinates. The listening channel makes it possible to listen to the received signals by ear in order to classify hydroacoustic contact with the target. The display system is an output device and is necessary for visual display of the received information and data collection about the target. The control and synchronization system is the link between all devices and systems of the SFS.

The built-in training device (VUTU) is designed to develop operator skills for a simulated target, as well as the ability to control the FLS in various modes. The built-in automatic control system (VSAC) allows you to control the main technical parameters of the FLS, to identify its malfunctions. FLS are put into operation by supplying voltage to all devices; for this, the station has a switchboard, on which the controls of the power supply system are displayed

According to the method of surveying the water area of the all-round view (SR) 360 sector view (SO) 25 0 step-by-step view (SHO) 0 360 sector step-by-step view (SSW) 0 120 А АА А 0 А А 120 0 120 А А 120 0 0

Rice. Fig. 4. View of the indicator with a spiral scan. Fig. 9. View of marks from targets on the indicator with a line scan. Fig. 5. View of the indicator with horizontal scanning. 10. View of the indicator with bearing and distance scales

where r is the distance from the GAS antenna to the target; Wa is the acoustic radiation power, W; ki = kind is the coefficient of axial concentration of the antenna in the radiation mode. Re = Rsph - the equivalent radius of the target or the radius of the equivalent sphere β - the coefficient of spatial attenuation, d. B / km. In terms of pressure Рgas at a distance of 1 meter from the antenna, the expression can be written as: (1)

Let's determine the level of the echo signal from the target relative to the zero level Р 0, using the relation (1) and logarithm it with a decimal algorithm: - radiation level, in dB; - this is a value expressed in dB and characterizing the reflectivity of the object.

PR - standard propagation loss, in dB, taking into account the attenuation of the signal during its propagation from the GAS antenna to the target and back, taking into account the spherical propagation law. Taking into account the introduced notation, the expression will take the form: NGAS = MI + SC – 2 PR (2) Formula (2) is used to estimate the level of the echo signal from the target at the reception point in a homogeneous infinite environment without interference.

Taking into account the processing of the useful signal Рgas = Рc and interference Рp in the GAS, and taking into account the recognition coefficient δ, we can write the following expression Рgas = Рc = δ Рp Δf is the frequency band (range) of the GAS receiving path, Hz; f 0 - the average frequency of the range, k. Hz; β = 0.036 f 03/2[c. Hz] is the coefficient of spatial attenuation, d. B/km.

GAS ON PN Antenna GAS UI PR SC UP Target TX D The range equation of the GL (EP) mode in symbolic form can be written (taking into account the “-” sign) as: EP = -(UI + SC - UP - PO + PN) = 2 PR EP \u003d UE (interference level) \u003d

PO (detection threshold) = PN (directivity index) = Active GAS include: - Distance measuring GAS - Communication GAS - Identification GAS - Mine detection GAS - Torpedo detection GAS - Diver detection GAS and anti-sabotage GAS - Ice illumination and detection GAS - Hydroacoustic logs - GAS side view

The hydroacoustic armament of the NK consists of: ØGAK MGK-335 "Platinum" - a hydroacoustic detection, target designation and communication complex; Ø GAK MGK-345 "Bronze" - hydroacoustic complex for detection, target designation and communication; Ø GAK MGK-355 "Polynom" - a sonar system for detecting submarines and issuing target designation to anti-submarine weapons; ØGAS MG-332 "Argun", GAS MG-332 T "Argun-T" - sonar detection and target designation station for anti-submarine ships; ØGAS MG-329 "Oka", GAS MG-329 M "Oka-M" - lowering hydroacoustic station; ØGAS MG-339 "Shelon" or GAS MG-339 T "Shelon-T" - Hydroacoustic station for detection, positioning, communication and identification;

ØGAS MG-79 or GAS MG-89 "Serna" - hydroacoustic station for detecting anchor and bottom mines; ØGAS MG-7 "Bracelet" and GAS MG-737 "Amulet-3" - sonar detection station for underwater sabotage forces and means; ØGAS MG-26 "Khosta" or GAS MG-45 "Backgammon" - equipment for hydroacoustic communication and identification. ØGAS KMG-12 "Kassandra" - target classification equipment for hydroacoustic stations of surface ships during their operation in active mode. ØGAS MG-409 C - passive detection system for sonar buoys. ØGAS "Altyn" - equipment for measuring the vertical distribution of the speed of sound in water from a surface ship; ØGAS MI-110 KM - equipment for detecting the wake of the aircraft.

Rice. 1. Project 1164 missile cruiser Project 1164 is armed with hydroacoustic weapons: q GAK MGK-335 Platinum; q GAS MG-7 "Bracelet" - 2 sets; q GAS MG-737 "Amulet-3"; q GAS KMG-12 "Cassandra". is the following

Rice. 2. Large anti-submarine ship of project 1155 (1155. 1) Project 1155 is armed with the following sonar weapons: GAK MGK-335 Platinum; GAS MG-7 "Bracelet" - 2 sets; GAS "Altyn"; GAS MI-110 KM. Project 1155.1 is armed with the following sonar armament: GAK MGK-355 "Polynom"; GAS MG-7 "Bracelet" - 2 sets; GAS "Altyn"; GAS MI-110 KM.

Rice. 3. Project 956 ship. Class: missile and artillery ship, subclass: destroyer. 1st rank Project 956 is armed with the following hydroacoustic weapons: GAK MGK-355 "Polynom"; GAS MG-7 "Bracelet" - 2 sets; GAS KMG-12 "Cassandra".

Rice. 4. Missile boat of project 1241. 2 Project 1241. 2 is armed with the following sonar weapons: GAK MGK-345 "Bronze"; GAS MG-45 "Backgammon";

Rice. 5. Project 1241 torpedo boat Project 1241 is armed with the following sonar weapons: SJSC MGK-345 Bronze; GAS MG-45 "Backgammon";

Rice. 6. Project 1124 small anti-submarine ship Project 1124 is armed with the following sonar weapons: GAS MG-339 Shelon or GAS MG-339 T Shelon-T; Some projects are armed with the SJSC MGK-335 Platinum; GAS MG-322 "Argun" or GAS MG-322 T "Argun-T"; GAS MG-329 "Oka" or GAS MG-329 M "Oka-M"; GAS MG-26 "Khosta" or GAS MG-45 "Backgammon"; GAS KMG-12 "Cassandra". GAS MG-409 S.

Rice. 7. Project 1265 project 1265 base minesweeper (pr. 260, 270) Project 1265 is armed with the following sonar weapons: GAS MG-79 or GAS MG-89 "Serna"; GAS "Kabarga";

Rice. 8. Project 775 large landing ship BDK Project 775 is armed with the following sonar weapons: GAS MG-7 "Bracelet"; GAS MG-26 "Khosta" or GAS MG-45 "Backgammon".

Hydroacoustic stations "Tamir-11" (1953) GAS for surface ships of small displacement Total number of devices - 17 Weight of devices - 1000 kg Chief designer VOVNOBOY B.N.

Hydroacoustic stations "Hercules" (1957) GAS for surface ships of medium and large displacement Total number of instruments - 30 Weight of instruments - 5800 kg Chief designer Z. N. UMIKOV

Hydroacoustic stations "Mezen-2" (1963) GAS for detecting bottom mines Total number of devices Weight of devices - 12 - 2100 kg Chief designer NIZENKO I.I.

Hydroacoustic stations "Kashalot" (1963) GAS for searching for sunken ships Total number of devices - 22 Weight of devices - 4000 kg (without spare parts) Chief designer N. A. TIMOKHOV

Hydroacoustic complexes "Rubin" (1964) SAC for multi-purpose nuclear submarines Chief designer ALADISHKIN E. I. Total number of devices - 56 Weight of devices - 54747 kg

Hydroacoustic stations "Titan-2" (1966) GAS for large anti-submarine ships Total number of instruments Weight of instruments - 37 - 16000 kg Chief designer G.M.

Hydroacoustic stations "Argun" (1967) GAS for small anti-submarine ships Total number of instruments Mass of instruments - 30 - 7600 kg with spare parts and accessories Chief designer V. P. IVANCHENKO

Hydroacoustic stations "Serna" (1969) GAS for detecting anchor and bottom mines Total number of devices Weight of devices - 20 - 3900 kg Chief designer G. G. LYASHENKO

Hydroacoustic stations "BUK" (1971) GAS for research vessels Total number of instruments Weight of instruments - 30 - 11,000 kg Chief designer KLIMENKO ZH.P.

Hydroacoustic systems "Platinum" (1972) SAC for surface ships of medium and large displacement Chief designer L. D. KLIMOVITSKY Number of instruments - 64 Weight of instruments - 23 tons

Hydroacoustic complexes "Polynom" (1979) HAK for large-displacement NK Chief designer V. G. SOLOVIEV Total number of devices - 152 Weight of devices - 72,000

Hydroacoustic complexes "Zvezda-M 1" (1986) Digital sonar for NK of medium displacement Chief designer Aleshchenko O. M. Total number of devices - 64 Weight of devices - 23000 kg

Hydroacoustic complexes "Kabarga" (1987) Mine detection sonar for sea, base and road minesweepers Total number of devices - 42 Weight of devices - 8500 kg Chief designer G. G. LYASHENKO

Hydroacoustic systems "Zvezda M 1-01" (1988) Digital HAK for surface ships of small displacement Chief designer Aleshchenko O. M. Total number of instruments - 60 Weight of instruments - 16500 kg

Hydroacoustic complexes "Zvezda-2" (1993) Digital sonar for high-displacement NK Chief designer Borisenko N. N. Total number of devices - 127 Weight of devices - 77742 kg

Promising complexes Corvette project 12441, which provides for the installation of the Zarya-2 SJSC

The invention relates to the field of hydroacoustics and can be used as sonar weapons for submarines for various purposes, as well as in underwater geological and hydroacoustic work and research.

Hydroacoustic systems (HAC) are the basis of information support for submarines. A typical SJSC includes the following paths (hydroacoustic stations) and systems:

Noise direction finding (SHP), which mainly solves the problems of detecting submarines and surface ships;

Sonar (GL), operating in the active mode of detecting underwater targets at a great distance;

Detection of hydroacoustic signals (OGS), designed to detect sonars operating in various ranges;

Sound communication and identification;

Mine detection (MI), which simultaneously performs the functions of detecting obstacles near a submarine;

Central Computing System (CCS);

System of display, registration, documentation and management (SORDU).

Each path includes acoustic antennas. Generator devices are connected to radiating antennas, and pre-processing devices are connected to receiving antennas.

Known GAK submarines GSU 90, developed by STN Atlas Electronic (Germany), containing tracts SHP, GL, OGS, communications and MI, as well as TsVS, SORDU and a common bus.

Features common to the claimed SAC are all of the listed components of this analogue.

The reasons hindering the achievement in this analog of the technical result achieved in the invention are the relatively high level of hydrodynamic interference and noise of the boat and the lack of the possibility of independent and simultaneous operation of the GL and sound communication and identification paths, as well as the relatively narrow frequency range of communication signals.

The GAK is free from these shortcomings, protected by the certificate of the Russian Federation No. 20388 for a utility model, IPC G01S 3/80, 15/00, 2001. This analogue contains all the components of the first analogue, however, a radiating non-directional broadband antenna and a generator device, and in the OGS path - high-frequency and broadband antennas and a pre-processing device, while all acoustic antennas are located in the nose fairing or in the wheelhouse fence.

All components of this analogue, as well as the components of the first analogue, are also part of the claimed SAC.

The reasons preventing the achievement in this analog of the technical result achieved in the invention are the following:

Limited view of the main antenna of the SR tract, due to the darkening of the aft corners by the hull;

The limited dimensions of the main bow antenna do not allow localizing signal sources whose frequency range is below 0.8-1.0 kHz;

The only radiating antenna of the GL tract has a limited, relatively narrow space irradiation sector in the forward compartment;

The bow radiating antenna of the communication and identification path is shaded by the hull, which excludes communication with correspondents in the aft corner sector;

The reception of signals from the OGS path to an antenna with a multi-lobe directivity characteristic (XN) is hampered by the design of the nose fairing;

The concentrated high-frequency antenna of the OGS path is obscured by the design of the felling fence.

The closest in technical essence to the claimed (prototype) is the HAK submarine, protected by RF patent No. 24736 for a utility model, class. G01S 15/00, 2002. It contains the paths of the main and additional SHP, the OGS path, the GL path, the communication and identification path, the mine detection and navigation obstacle detection path (MI), the TsVS, the SORDA and the common bus.

The path of the main NR contains the main bow receiving antenna, configured to form a static fan of directional characteristics in the horizontal and vertical planes, and the first pre-processing device placed in a capsule inside the antenna.

The path of the additional SHP contains a flexible extended towed antenna (GPBA), a cable-cable, a current collector and a pre-processing device.

The OGS path contains three receiving antennas and a pre-processing device. The first antenna is located in the forward part of the felling fence and has a multi-beam HH. The second antenna is located in the aft part of the felling fence and is omnidirectional and high-frequency. The third antenna is broadband and its blocks are placed in the nose fairing, in the aft part of the cabin fence and along the sides of the submarine.

The sonar path contains a cutting bow radiating antenna located in the forward part of the cutting fence, two onboard radiating antennas located on both sides of the submarine, and a generator device.

The communication and identification path contains a bow radiating antenna located in the nose cone, a stern radiating antenna located in the wheelhouse fence, and a generator device.

The MI path contains a receiving-transmitting antenna made with the possibility of turning the XH in a vertical plane and placed in the nose fairing, a generator device, a "receiving-transmitting" switch and a pre-processing device.

The SORDU equipment is made of two-display consoles with connected peripheral devices. Its inputs and outputs are connected directly to the CVS.

Through a common bus, the generator devices and pre-processing devices of all paths are connected to the TsVS and SORD.

Features common with the features of the claimed HAC are all of the listed components of the prototype complex and the relationship between them.

The reason preventing the achievement of the technical result achieved in the invention in the prototype complex is the relatively low secrecy of the complex.

Another reason that hinders the achievement of this result is the insufficient detection range of underwater targets in the GL mode.

Both of these reasons are due to the fact that the antennas of the GL tract simultaneously radiate a signal in almost all directions, although the signal itself is pulsed. The fact is that all three antennas of the GL tract have wide enough HH to cover the total sector of work, with the exception of the aft corners. This allows you to detect radiation from almost any direction, which significantly increases the likelihood of detecting a submarine. On the other hand, the large XH beam width of the antenna leads to a decrease in its gain, and hence the power of the emitted signal, and hence the range to the target, at which this power will be sufficient for its confident detection.

The technical problem to be solved by the invention is to increase the secrecy of the operation of the SAC and the range of detection of targets in the GL mode.

The technical result is achieved by the fact that in the well-known HAC all radiating antennas of the GL tract are made electronically controlled both in terms of the number of XN beams, and in their width and direction, while the control inputs of these antennas are connected through a common bus to the TsVS and SORDU, the number of XN beams of each of the antennas, one more than the number of targets tracked by this antenna, and their width is as small as possible, but sufficient for confident capture and tracking of the target, while one of the XH beams has a width sufficient to capture the target for tracking, and scans in angle in a given sector of responsibility antenna, and the remaining beams of the XH antenna accompany the targets detected by this antenna.

To achieve a technical result in the SJC, which contains the path of the main SHP, the path of the additional SHP, the OGS path, the GL path, the communication and identification path, the MI path, the TsVS, the SORDU and the common bus, while the SORDU equipment is made of two-display consoles with connected peripheral devices and connected to the DDS, the path of the main NR contains the main bow receiving antenna, configured to form a static XN fan in the horizontal and vertical planes, and the first pre-processing device, placed in a capsule inside the antenna and connected with its input directly to the antenna output, and the output through a common bus with the TsVS and SORDU, the OGS path contains the first antenna located in the forward part of the cabin fence and having a multi-leaf HN, the second antenna located in the aft part of the cabin fence and being high-frequency and omnidirectional, the third antenna, the blocks of which are located in the nose fairing, in aft part of the felling fence and along the sides along submarine, which is broadband, and the second pre-processing device, the signal inputs of which are connected directly to the outputs of the corresponding antennas of the OGS path, and the control input and output are connected through a common bus with the TsVS and the SORDA, the GL path contains a cutting bow radiating antenna located in the bow felling fences, two onboard radiating antennas located on both sides of the submarine, and the first generator device, the outputs of which are connected to the signal inputs of the corresponding radiating antennas of the GL tract, and the control input is connected through a common bus with the TsVS and the SORDA, the communication and identification tract contains a bow a radiating antenna placed in the nose fairing, a stern radiating antenna located in the wheelhouse fence, and a second generator device, the outputs of which are connected to the signal inputs of the radiating antennas of the communication and identification path, and the control input is connected through a common bus with the CVS and the SORDA, the MI path contains transceiver antenna, made th with the possibility of turning the XH in a vertical plane and located in the nose fairing, the third generator device, the output of which is connected to the input-output of the antenna of the MI path through the "reception-transmission" switch, and the control input is connected through a common bus with the TsVS and the SORDA, and the third a pre-processing device, the input of which is connected directly to the output of the receiving-transmitting antenna, and the output is connected through a common bus with the CVS and the SORDA, the path of the additional SHP contains a GPBA, through a cable-cable and a current-collecting device connected to the input of the fourth pre-processing device, connected by its output through a common bus with the CVS and SORDA, all emitting antennas of the sonar path are electronically controlled both in terms of the number of XH beams, and in their width and direction, while the control inputs of these antennas are connected to the CVS and SORDA through a common bus, the number of XN beams of each of antennas are one more than the number of targets followed by this antenna, and their width is as small as possible, but sufficient accurate for confident capture and tracking of the target, while one of the XH beams has a width sufficient to capture the target for tracking, and scans in angle in a given sector of responsibility of the antenna, and the remaining XH beams accompany those detected by this antenna target.

Studies of the proposed SAC on the patent and scientific and technical literature have shown that the totality of the newly introduced features of the implementation of the GL tract antennas and new connections, together with the rest of the elements and connections of the complex, cannot be independently classified. At the same time, it does not follow explicitly from the prior art. Therefore, the proposed HAC should be considered as satisfying the criterion of "novelty" and having an inventive step.

The essence of the invention is illustrated by the drawing, in which figure 1 shows a block diagram of the proposed GAK.

The complex includes tracts of the main and additional SHP, GL tract, OGS tract, communication and identification tract, MI tract, TsVS and SORD and a common bus.

The path of the main SHP contains the main bow receiving antenna 1 and a pre-processing device 2 connected in series with the antenna 1. The device 2 is placed in a sealed capsule inside the antenna 1 (the connection of the antenna 1 with the device 2 is shown in Fig.1 by a dotted arrow). Antenna 1 and device 2 are multi-channel and consist of n×m channels, where n is the number of XH (spatial channels) in the horizontal plane, and m is the number of XH (spatial channels) in the vertical plane. Through the common bus 3 of the complex, the device 2 of the path of the main SHP is connected to the DSC 4 and the SORDA 5.

The path of the additional (low-frequency) SHP contains GPBA 6, through a cable-cable 7 and a current-collecting device (not shown in figure 1) connected to the pre-processing device 8. Through the common bus 3 of the complex, the device 8 of the path of the additional SHP is connected to the DSC 4 and the SORDA 5.

The GL path contains a cutting bow radiating antenna 9, two onboard radiating antennas 10 and 11 and a generator device 12. Antenna 9 is located in the cutting fence 13, and antennas 10 and 11 are located on both sides of the submarine. Antennas 9, 10 and 11 are electronically controlled. Their signal inputs are connected directly to the corresponding outputs of the device 12, and the control inputs are connected through a common bus 3 of the complex with the CVS 4, as well as the control input of the device 12.

The OGS path contains antennas 14, 15, 16 and a pre-processing device 17. Antenna 14 has a multi-beam XH and is located in the forward part of the felling fence. Antenna 15 is located in the stern of the felling fence and is omnidirectional and high frequency. Antenna 16 is broadband, and its blocks 16.1, 16.2, 16.3 and 16.4 are placed in the nose cone 18, along the sides and in the aft part of the cabin fence 13. The outputs of the antennas 14, 15 and 16 are connected directly to the corresponding inputs of the device 17, connected by its output through common bus 3 of the complex with TsVS 4 and SORDU 5.

The communication and identification path contains a bow radiating antenna 19, a stern radiating antenna 20 and a generator device 21. The control input of the generator 21 is connected to the central computer 4 via a common bus 3 of the complex, and the first and second outputs are directly connected to the inputs of the antennas 19 and 20, respectively.

Path MI contains a transceiver antenna 22, a generator device 23, the switch "reception-transmission" (not shown in figure 1) and the device 24 pre-processing. The antenna 22 is placed in the nose fairing 18 and is configured to rotate XH in a vertical plane, its input-output through the "reception-transmission" switch is connected to the output of the device 23 and the input of the device 24. The control input of the device 23 and the output of the device 24 through a common bus 3 complex are connected to CVS 4 and SORDU 5.

In addition to the common bus 3 of the complex, there are a number of direct connections between the CVS 4 and SORDU 5.

CVS 4 is a combination of universal processors and special processors and has the structure of a control computer.

SORDU 5 consists of two consoles, each of which has two displays, controls (keyboard, buttons, sockets). The structure of the consoles is similar to the structure of a personal computer. Typical peripheral devices are connected to the console ports: telephone, loudspeaker, printer, recorder, magnetic-optical disk recorder.

The work of the proposed SAC is carried out as follows.

Receiving antennas 1, 6, 14, 15 and 16 convert the energy of electrical (acoustic) vibrations into mechanical energy. Antenna 22 is reversible.

In the GL path, echo signals are received by antenna 1. In the communication and identification path, communication and echo signals are also received by antenna 1.

In generator devices 12, 21 and 23, a pulse signal of the required power is generated for subsequent amplification and radiation as a probing signal by antennas 9, 10 and 11 of the GL path, antennas 19 and 20 of the communication and identification path and antenna 23 of the MI path. The control signals for the parameters of the generated signals are formed in the SORDA 5 and the CVS 4.

The pre-processing devices 2, 8, 17 and 24 perform pre-processing of the received signals, i.e. their amplification, filtering, time-frequency processing and analog-to-digital conversion.

TsVS 4 and SORDU 5 are systems involved in the operation of all paths of the SJC. They work with digital data. The basis of the operation of these systems is information processing algorithms implemented by software. These means are:

Full formation of the parameters of the pulse signal, which is then formed and amplified in power in the generator devices;

Formation of HH controlled antennas of the GL tract, taking into account the need to scan their beams;

Secondary processing of information that reveals the fine structure of the signal;

Making a decision on target detection;

Automatic target tracking.

The work of the HJC is controlled by operators who are located at the consoles of the SORDU 5. The main mode of operation is receiving, in this mode the paths of the main and additional SHP, OGS, and communications are operating. The GL and MI paths, as well as the "Active operation" mode of the communication path, are switched on for radiation by commands from the SORDU 5. The receiving channels operate simultaneously and independently of each other. The received signals through the antennas 1, 14, 15, 16, 6 enter the devices 2, 8, 17, 24, are filtered by frequency bands, and their time-frequency processing is performed. Further, the received and processed signals through the common bus 3 enter the DSC 4, where the secondary signal processing is performed by software based on the algorithms adopted in the SJC. The elements of movement and the coordinates of the targets are determined, the data obtained from the same target by different paths are summarized. The operator decides on the allocation of targets for automatic tracking and transmits the appropriate command.

If there is a corresponding command from the operator from the SORD 5 to enable the main active modes, this command is sent to the CVS 4 and processed. In TsVS 4, a complex command is generated, containing codes for the parameters of the radiation mode. On a common bus 3, this command is transmitted to the generator device 12 (21, 23), where a powerful pulsed radiation signal is generated, supplied to the antennas 9, 10, 11 (19, 20,22).

When the GL tract is in active mode, thanks to the electronic control of the antennas in each of the antennas 9, 10 and 11, one of the beams of its XH has a width sufficient to confidently capture a target for tracking, and scans in angle in a given sector of operation of this antenna. If there are targets in this sector, the latter are detected by the scanning beam and transmitted for tracking. In this case, the scanning of the "search" beam is not interrupted, but an additional XH beam is formed, oriented in the direction of the newly discovered target. This beam is used to track a newly discovered target. Its width depends on the distance to the target, its size and the speed of movement in the direction perpendicular to the "submarine - target" direction. This width is determined by practical means. It should be as low as possible, but sufficient for confident tracking of the target. With the appearance of each new target in a new direction, the described process is repeated and another XH antenna beam is formed, which is set to track this target. This process will be repeated until all targets within the area of responsibility of the antenna are tracked by the corresponding XH beams of the antenna.

Thus, during the operation of the GL path, the radiation of the probing signal is carried out by several narrow beams (the number of beams per unit exceeds the number of targets, and if the targets are in the same direction, it is even less). This proposed complex differs significantly from the prototype, in which there is no control of the GL path antennas. In the GL path of the prototype, the width of the XH of each of the antennas must be no less than the width of the sector of responsibility of the antenna, otherwise the target cannot be detected at all in part of this sector.

In the prototype in the GL mode, the radiation of the probing signal is carried out continuously in the entire sector of responsibility of the antennas, so this radiation can be detected from any direction. In the proposed HAC, in most of the sector of responsibility of the antenna, radiation is absent or occurs with long interruptions. This significantly reduces the probability of detecting radiation and determining the coordinates of its source when using the proposed HAC compared to the prototype.

In addition, the "search" beam in the proposed HAC has a rather narrow XH, which allows you to focus all the energy of the generator device in a narrow sector in which the irradiated target is located, which is equivalent to an increase in the power of the signal irradiating the target compared to the prototype, where the XH width of the antenna is large, and most of the radiated energy misses the irradiated target.

An increase in the power of the signal irradiating the target leads to an increase in the range of its detection.

Thus, the proposed HAC provides an increase in the secrecy of the complex and the target detection range in the GL mode compared to the prototype.

The claimed HAC is fairly easy to implement. GL path antennas can be implemented in accordance with the recommendations given in the book [L.K. Samoilov. Electronic control of antenna directivity characteristics. - L.: Shipbuilding. - 1987]. The remaining devices can be made the same as the corresponding devices of the prototype.

A hydroacoustic complex of a submarine, containing a main noise direction finding path, an additional noise direction finding path, a hydroacoustic signal detection path, a sonar path, a communication and identification path, a mine detection and navigation obstacle detection path, a central computer system, a display, registration, documentation and control system and a common bus, at the same time, the equipment of the display, registration, documentation and control system is made of dual-display consoles with connected peripheral devices and is connected to the central computer system, the main noise direction finding path contains the main bow receiving antenna, configured to form a static fan of directional characteristics in the horizontal and vertical planes, and the first pre-processing device placed in a capsule inside the antenna and connected with its input directly to the output of the antenna, and its output through a common bus from the center al computer system and a system for displaying, recording, documenting and controlling, the path for detecting hydroacoustic signals contains the first antenna located in the forward part of the felling fence and having a multi-lobe directivity characteristic, the second antenna located in the aft part of the cutting fence and being high-frequency and omnidirectional, the third antenna , the blocks of which are located in the nose fairing, in the aft part of the cabin fence and along the sides of the submarine, which is broadband, and the second pre-processing device, the signal inputs of which are connected directly to the outputs of the corresponding antennas of the hydroacoustic signals detection path, and the control input and output are connected through a common a bus with a central computer system and a display, registration, documentation and control system, the sonar path contains a cutting bow emitting antenna located in the forward part of the cutting fence, two onboard emitting antennas located on both sides of the submarine, and the first generator device, the outputs of which are connected to the signal inputs of the corresponding radiating antennas of the sonar path, and the control input is connected through a common bus with the central computer system and the display, registration, documentation and control system, the communication path and identification contains a bow radiating antenna located in the nose fairing, aft radiating antenna located in the wheelhouse fence, and a second generator device, the outputs of which are connected to the signal inputs of the radiating antennas of the communication and identification path, and the control input is connected through a common bus with the central computer system and display, registration, documentation and control system, the path of mine detection and detection of navigational obstacles contains a transceiver antenna configured to rotate the directional characteristic in a vertical plane and located in the nose fairing, the third generator the main device, the output of which is connected to the input-output of the antenna of the mine detection and detection of navigation obstacles through the "reception - transmission" switch, and the control input - through a common bus with the central computer system and the display, registration, documentation and control system, and the third device for preliminary processing, the input of which is connected directly to the output of the transceiver antenna, and the output - through a common bus with the central computer system and the display, registration, documentation and control system, the additional noise direction finding path contains a flexible extended towed antenna, through a cable-cable and a current collector connected to the input the fourth pre-processing device, connected by its output through a common bus to the central computer system and the display, registration, documentation and control system, characterized in that all radiating antennas of the sonar path are made electrically directly controlled both in terms of the number of beams of the directivity characteristic, and in their width and direction, while the control inputs of these antennas are connected via a common bus to the central computer system and the system for displaying, recording, documenting and controlling, the number of beams of the directivity characteristic of each of the antennas per unit more than the number of targets tracked by this antenna, and their width is as small as possible, but sufficient for confident capture and tracking of the target, while one of the beams of the directional characteristic has a width sufficient to capture the target for tracking, and scans in angle in a given sector of responsibility of the antenna, and the rest of the antenna's directivity beams accompany those detected by that antenna target.

Similar patents:

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The invention relates to the field of hydroacoustics and can be used to build systems for detecting probing signals from sonars mounted on a mobile carrier. The technical result from the use of the invention is to provide the ability to determine the change in the heading angle of the source of the probing signal, the speed of the change in the direction of its movement. To achieve the specified technical result, the method sequentially receives probing signals from a moving source, determines the time of arrival of the first received probing signal, characterized in that new operations are introduced, namely: time points ti of receiving another n probing signals are sequentially measured, where n is not less than 3, determine the time interval Tk between the moments of arrival of each two consecutive probing signals Tk=ti+1-ti, determine the difference between the measured time intervals ΔTm=Tk+1-Tk, where m is the measurement number of the difference of successive time intervals, determine the sign of the difference in time intervals, remember the first difference in time intervals, determine the next difference in time intervals, if the difference between the intervals has a negative sign, determine the cosine of the heading angle of the source movement, as the ratio of each subsequent difference to the first difference in time intervals, determine the heading angle dv of the source of probing signals as the reciprocal of the cosine of the measured ratio, if the measured value of the difference is positive, then the source of the probing signals is removed, and the cosine of the angle is calculated as the ratio of the first difference to each subsequent one. 1 z.p. f-ly, 1 ill.

The invention relates to the field of hydroacoustics and can be used in the tasks of determining the class of an object in the development of hydroacoustic systems. A method for classifying hydroacoustic noise emission signals of a marine object is proposed, including the reception by an antenna of noise emission signals from a marine object in an additive mixture with interference from a hydroacoustic antenna, signal conversion into digital form, spectral processing of the received signals, accumulation of the received spectra, spectrum smoothing in frequency, determination of the detection threshold based on the probability false alarms and when the detection threshold of the current spectrum at a given frequency is exceeded, a decision is made on the presence of a discrete component, according to which a marine object is classified, in which noise emission signals of a marine object in an additive mixture with interference are received by two half-antennas of a hydroacoustic antenna, spectral processing of the received signals is performed at the outputs of half-antennas , sum the power spectra at the outputs of two half-antennas, determining the total power spectrum S ∑ 2 (ω k), find the difference S Δ 2 (ω k) of the power spectra at the outputs of two half-antennas, determine the difference th spectrum S 2 (ω k) ∑ − Δ ¯ = S Σ 2 (ω k) ¯ − S Δ 2 (ω k) ¯ is the noise emission power spectrum of a marine object, and the presence of discrete components is judged when the detection threshold is exceeded by the frequencies of the power spectrum noise emission of a marine object. This ensures the elimination of the influence of the spectrum of interference received in the side field of the directivity of the hydroacoustic antenna and the correct determination of the classification spectral features. 1 ill.

The invention relates to radar, in particular to devices for determining the coordinates of objects emitting acoustic signals, using geographically spaced fiber-optic sensors - sound pressure meters. The technical result is an increase in the accuracy of determining the location and recognition of the type of object by estimating the spectral composition of its acoustic noise and movement parameters. The technical result is achieved by introducing a second loop for transmitting optical pulses of a different wavelength and a serial chain of nodes: (2N + 3)-th light guide, third FPU, second pulse generator, second source of optical radiation, (2N + 4)-th light guide. 1 ill.

The invention relates to the field of hydroacoustics and is intended to determine the parameters of objects that make noise in the sea. The noise hydroacoustic signal of a marine object is investigated, comparing it with the predictive signal dynamically generated for the totality of the expected noise of the object and distances to the object, by determining the correlation coefficient. According to the maximum function of the dependence of the correlation coefficient on the estimated noise of the object and the estimated distance to the object, the estimate of the noise of the object and the estimate of the distance to the object are jointly determined. The technical result of the invention is to increase the accuracy of assessing the noise of an object while reducing the total number of arithmetic operations when assessing the noise of an object and the distance to the object. 2 ill.

The invention relates to acoustic direction finders (AP), acoustic locators (AL) and can be used to determine the bearing of a sound source (FROM). The objective of the invention is to improve the accuracy of direction finding IZ when the Earth's surfaces are inclined to the horizon plane, where an acoustic antenna is located, and to reduce the time to determine the bearing of this source. Bearing FROM in this method is determined as follows: air temperature, wind speed, directional angle of its direction in the surface layer of the atmosphere are measured and entered into an electronic computer, an area of special attention (ROA) is marked on a topographic map, where artillery firing positions and mortars, choose on the ground a flat platform of approximately rectangular shape with a length of at least three hundred meters and a width of at least ten meters, the large sides of which would be approximately perpendicular to the direction to the approximate center of the DOM, measure the angle of inclination of this platform to the horizon plane and, taking into account this angle, using an optical-mechanical device and a rangefinder rail, install the RFP in a special way on the ground, receive acoustic signals and interference, convert them into electrical signals and interference, process them in channels 1 and 2 of signal processing AM or AL, determine the output of these channels constant voltages U1 and U2, which came only from the ROV, subtract voltage U2 is derived from voltage U1, these voltages are added, the ratio of the difference to their sum ηСР is obtained, and the true bearing of the sound source αИ is automatically calculated according to the program. 8 ill.

The invention relates to the field of hydroacoustics and can be used in the development of systems for determining coordinates according to the data of the direction finding channel of hydroacoustic complexes. The method comprises receiving a hydroacoustic noise signal with a hydroacoustic antenna, tracking a target in the noise direction finding mode, spectral analysis of the hydroacoustic noise signal in a wide frequency band, determining the distance to the target, receiving the hydroacoustic noise signal by halves of the hydroacoustic antenna, measuring the mutual spectrum between the hydroacoustic noise signals received by the halves of the hydroacoustic antennas; measure the autocorrelation function of this cross spectrum (ACF); measure the carrier frequency of the autocorrelation function Fmeas, measure the difference between the measured carrier frequency and the reference carrier frequency of the target noise emission signal Freference, measured at a short distance (Freference-Fmeas), and the distance to the target is determined by the formula D=(Freference-Fmeas)K, where K coefficient of proportionality, which is calculated as the ratio of the change in the carrier frequency of the autocorrelation function per unit distance when determining the reference frequency. 1 ill.

SUBSTANCE: inventions relate to the field of hydroacoustics and can be used to control the level of noise emission of an underwater object in a natural reservoir. The technical result obtained from the implementation of the inventions is to obtain the possibility of measuring the noise level of an underwater craft directly from the craft itself. This technical result is achieved by the fact that a measuring module (IM) equipped with hydrophones is lifted from the watercraft, and with it the level of noise emission of the watercraft is measured. The IM is equipped with a system for checking its performance without dismantling the device. 2 n. and 11 z.p. f-ly, 3 ill.

Device (100) for resolving ambiguity from estimate (105) DOA (φ ^ amb) contains analyzer (110) of estimate DOA for analyzing estimate (105) DOA (φ ^ amb) to obtain a set (115) of ambiguous analysis parameters (φ ˜ I ... φ ˜ N; f(φ ˜ I)...f(φ ˜ N); fenh,I(φ ^ amb)...fenh,N(φ ^ amb); gP(φ ˜ I). ..gp(φ ˜ N), D(φ ˜ I)...D(φ ˜ N)) by using the bias information (101), where the bias information (101) represents the ratio (φ ^ ↔φ) between the biased ( φ ^) and unbiased estimator DOA (φ), and a disambiguation block (120) to resolve ambiguity in the set (115) of ambiguous analysis parameters (φ ˜ I... φ ˜ N; f(φ ˜ I)...f (φ ˜ N); fenh,I(φ ^ amb)...fenh,N(φ ^ amb); gP(φ ˜ I)...gp(φ ˜ N); D(φ ˜ I).. .D(φ ˜ N)) to obtain a unique allowed parameter (φ ˜ res; fres, 125). 3 n. and 12 z.p. f-ly, 22 ill.

The invention relates to the field of hydroacoustics and can be used as sonar weapons for submarines for various purposes, as well as in underwater geological and hydroacoustic work and research. The complex includes paths for main and additional noise direction finding, a path for detecting hydroacoustic signals, a sonar path, a communications and identification path, a path for mine detection and detection of navigational obstacles, a central computer system, a display, registration, documentation and control system and a common bus. At the same time, all emitting antennas of the sonar path are electronically controlled both in terms of the number of beams of the directivity characteristic, and in their width and direction. The path of the main direction finding contains the main bow receiving antenna and the first pre-processing device. The path for detecting hydroacoustic signals contains three receiving antennas and a second pre-processing device. The sonar path contains three electronically controlled antennas and the first generator device. The communication and identification path contains two radiating antennas and a second generator device. The path for mine detection and detection of navigational obstacles contains a transceiver antenna, a "reception-transmission" switch, a third generator device and a third pre-processing device. The additional noise direction finding path contains a flexible extended towed antenna, a cable-rope, a current collector and a fourth pre-processing device. EFFECT: increased secrecy of the HAC and the target detection range in the GL mode. 1 ill.

Russian underwater hydroacoustics at the turn of the XXI century

Military hydroacoustics is an elite science, the development of which can only be afforded by a strong state

German ALEXANDROV

Possessing the highest scientific and technical potential (13 doctors and more than 60 candidates of sciences work at the enterprise), the concern develops the following priority areas of domestic hydroacoustics:

Multifunctional passive and active sonar systems (HAC) and systems (GAS) for lighting the underwater situation in the ocean, including for submarines, surface ships, aircraft, diver detection systems;

Systems with flexible extended towed antennas for operation in a wide frequency range for surface ships and submarines, as well as stationary ones;

Active, passive and active-passive stationary sonar systems to protect the shelf zone from unauthorized penetration of surface ships and submarines;

Hydroacoustic navigation and search and survey systems”;

Hydroacoustic transducers, antennas, complex-shaped phased antenna arrays with up to several thousand receiving channels;

Acoustic screens and sound-transparent fairings;

Systems for transmitting information through a hydroacoustic channel;

adaptive systems for processing hydroacoustic information under conditions of complex hydrological acoustic and signal-interference conditions;

Classifiers of targets by their signatures and by the fine structure of the sound field;

Sound velocity meters for surface ships and submarines.

The Concern today consists of ten enterprises located in St. Petersburg and the Leningrad Region, Taganrog, Volgograd, Severodvinsk, the Republic of Karelia, including research institutes, factories for the serial production of hydroacoustic equipment, specialized enterprises for servicing equipment at facilities, landfills. These are five thousand highly qualified specialists - engineers, workers, scientists, more than 25% of whom are young people.

The team of the enterprise has developed almost all mass-produced GAK pl ("Rubin", "Ocean", "Rubicon", "Skat", "Skat-BDRM", "Skat-3"), a number of hydroacoustic complexes and systems for surface ships ("Platinum ”, “Polynom”, station for detecting divers “Pallada”), stationary systems “Liman”, “Volkhov”, “Agam”, “Dniester”.

Hydroacoustic complexes for submarines created by the enterprise are unique technical means, the creation of which requires the highest knowledge and vast experience in hydroacoustics. As one wit put it, the task of detecting a submarine with a noise direction finder is similar in complexity to the task of detecting a candle flame at a distance of several kilometers on a bright sunny day, and yet for a submarine that is submerged, the SAC is practically the only source of information about the environment. . The main tasks solved by the submarine's hydroacoustic complex are the detection of submarines, surface ships, torpedoes in the noise direction finding mode, automatic tracking of targets, determination of their coordinates, target classification, detection and direction finding of targets in the sonar mode, interception of hydroacoustic signals in a wide frequency range, providing sound underwater communications over long distances, providing an overview of the near situation and navigation safety, lighting the ice situation when sailing under ice, providing mine and torpedo protection for the ship, solving navigation problems - measuring speed, depth, etc. In addition to these tasks, the complex must have a powerful automated control system, a system for monitoring its own noise, must continuously perform the most complex hydrological calculations to ensure the functioning of all systems and to predict the situation in the submarine's area of operations. The complex has simulators for all systems of the hydroacoustic complex, providing training and training of personnel.

The basis of any hydroacoustic complex is antennas, phased discrete arrays of complex shape, consisting of piezoceramic transducers, which should ensure the reception of signals from the aquatic environment on a boat that is experiencing huge loads due to hydrostatic pressure. The task of the HAC is to detect these signals against the background of their own noise, flow noise when the boat is moving, sea noise, interfering targets, and a host of other factors that mask the useful signal.

The modern HAC is the most complex digital complex that processes huge information flows in real time (each antenna of the complex consists of thousands or even tens of thousands of individual elements, each of which must be processed synchronously with all the others). Its operation is possible only when using the latest multiprocessor systems that provide the task of simultaneous, in space, and multi-range, in frequency, observation of the surrounding acoustic fields.

The most important and most responsible element of the complex is the devices for displaying the received information. When creating these devices, not only scientific and technical, but also ergonomic, psychological problems are solved - it is not enough to receive a signal from the external environment, it is necessary that the operators of the complex (and this is the minimum number of people) at any given time have a complete picture of the environment, controlling and actually the safety of the ship, and the movement of a variety of targets, surface, underwater, air, representing a potential threat or interest to the submarine. And the developers are constantly balancing on the brink of a problem - on the one hand, to display the maximum amount of information processed by the complex and needed by the operator, on the other hand, not to violate the "Miller's rule", which limits the amount of information that can be assimilated simultaneously by a person.

An important feature of hydroacoustic systems, especially antennas, is the requirements for their strength, durability, and the ability to work without repair and replacement for a very long time - as a rule, it is impossible to repair a hydroacoustic antenna in combat service conditions.

A modern HAC cannot be considered as a self-sufficient, closed system, but only as an element of an integrated submarine surveillance system that receives and uses continuously updated a priori information about targets from non-acoustic detection systems, reconnaissance, etc., and issues information about a changing underwater situation into the system , which analyzes tactical situations and issues recommendations on the use of various HAC modes in a given situation.

The development of sonar systems for a submarine is a continuous competition with the developers of a potential enemy, on the one hand, since the most important task of the SAC is to ensure at least parity in a duel situation (the enemy hears and recognizes you, and you are at the same distance), and it is necessary by all means and means to increase the range of the SAC, and mainly in the passive noise direction finding mode, which allows you to detect targets without unmasking your own location, and with shipbuilders, designers of submarines, on the other hand, since the noise of submarines decreases with each new generation, with each new project , even with each new built ship, and you need to detect a signal that is orders of magnitude lower in level than the surrounding noises of the sea. And it is obvious that the creation of a modern hydroacoustic complex for submarines of the 21st century is a joint work of the developers of the complex and the developers of the boat, who jointly design and place elements of the HAC on the ship in such a way that its operation under these conditions is most effective.

The experience of designing the SJSC pl, available at our institute, allows us to identify the main problem areas from which we can expect a significant increase in efficiency in the near future.

1. HAC with conformal and conformal cover antenna

The reduction in the noise level of the submarine, associated with the efforts of the designers to optimize the technical solutions for the structures of its hull and mechanisms, has led to a noticeable decrease in the range of the SJC along modern squares. The increase in the aperture of traditional antennas (spherical or cylindrical) is limited by the geometry of the nose of the hull. The obvious solution in this situation was the creation of a conformal (combined with the contours of the pl) antenna, the total area, and hence the energy potential of which significantly exceeds those for traditional antennas. The first experience in creating such antennas turned out to be quite successful.

An even more promising direction is the creation of conformal cover antennas located along the side of the square. The length of such antennas can be tens of meters, and the area - more than a hundred square meters. The creation of such systems is associated with the need to resolve a number of technical problems.

The conformal cover antenna is located in the area of the predominant influence of inhomogeneous waves caused by structural interference, as well as interference of hydrodynamic origin, including that arising due to excitation of the body by the oncoming flow. Acoustic shields, traditionally used to reduce the effect of interference on the antenna, are not effective enough in the low-frequency range of on-board antennas. Possible ways to ensure the effective operation of onboard antennas, judging by foreign experience, are, firstly, the constructive placement of the most noisy machines and mechanisms of submarines in such a way that their effect on onboard systems is minimal, and secondly, the use of algorithmic methods to reduce the influence of structural interference on the SJC path (adaptive methods for compensating for structural interference, including using vibration sensors located in close proximity to the antenna). It seems very promising to use the so-called "vector-phase" methods of information processing, which make it possible to increase the efficiency of the complex due to the joint processing of pressure fields and vibrational velocity. Another way to reduce the effect of hydrodynamic interference, which affects the efficiency of conformal cover antennas, is the use of film converters (PVDF plates), which allow, due to averaging over an area of 1.0x0.5 m, to significantly (judging by the data in the literature - up to 20 dB) reduce the influence of hydrodynamic interference on the path of the HJC.

2. Adaptive algorithms for processing hydroacoustic information, consistent with the propagation environment

By "adaptation" is traditionally understood the ability of a system to change its parameters depending on changing environmental conditions in order to maintain its efficiency. With regard to processing algorithms, the term "adaptation" means the coordination (in space and time) of the processing path with the characteristics of signals and noise. Adaptive algorithms are widely used in modern complexes, and their effectiveness is determined mainly by the hardware resources of the complex. More modern are algorithms that take into account the spatio-temporal variability of the signal propagation channel. The use of such algorithms makes it possible to simultaneously solve the problems of detection, target designation and classification using a priori information about the signal propagation channel. The source of such information can be adaptive dynamic oceanographic models that predict with sufficient reliability the distribution of temperature, density, salinity, and some other environmental parameters in the area of operation of the pl. Such models exist and are widely used abroad. The use of sufficiently reliable estimates of the propagation channel parameters makes it possible, judging by theoretical estimates, to significantly increase the accuracy of determining the target coordinates.

3. Acoustic systems placed on controlled unmanned underwater vehicles, solving the problems of polystatic detection in the active mode, as well as the tasks of searching for silty bottom objects

The submarine itself is a huge structure, more than a hundred meters long, and far from all the tasks that need to be solved to ensure one's own safety can be solved by placing hydroacoustic systems on the ship itself. One of these tasks is the detection of near-bottom and silty objects that pose a danger to the ship. To view an object, you need to approach it as close as possible without creating a threat to your own safety. One of the possible ways to solve this problem is to create a controlled underwater unmanned vehicle, placed on a submarine, capable of approaching the object of interest and classifying it, and, if necessary, destroy it, independently or by control over a wire or sound underwater communication. In fact, the task is similar to the creation of the hydroacoustic complex itself, but miniature, having a battery propulsion unit, placed on a small self-propelled device capable of undocking from a submerged submarine and then docking back, while providing constant two-way communication. In the United States, such devices have been created and are part of the weapons of the latest generation of submarines (of the Virginia type).

4. Development and creation of new materials for hydroacoustic transducers, characterized by lower weight and cost

The piezoceramic transducers that make up submarine antennas are extremely complex designs, the piezoceramic itself is a very brittle material, and considerable effort is required to make it strong while maintaining efficiency. And for quite a long time, searches have been conducted for a material that has the same properties of converting vibrational energy into electrical energy, but which is a polymer, durable, lightweight, and technologically advanced.

Technological efforts abroad have led to the creation of PVDF-type polymer films, which have a piezoelectric effect and are convenient for use in the construction of surface antennas (placed on board a boat). The problem here is primarily in the technology of creating thick films that provide sufficient antenna efficiency. Even more promising is the idea of creating a material that has the properties of piezoceramics, on the one hand, and the properties of a protective screen that muffles (or scatters) enemy sonar signals and reduces the ship's own noise. Such a material (piezoresin) deposited on the hull of a submarine actually makes the entire hull of the ship a hydroacoustic antenna, providing a significant increase in the efficiency of hydroacoustic means. An analysis of foreign publications shows that in the United States such developments have already passed into the stage of prototypes, while in our country there has been no progress in this direction in recent decades.

5. Classification of goals

The task of classification in hydroacoustics is the most difficult problem associated with the need to determine the class of a target from information obtained in the noise direction finding mode (to a lesser extent, from the data of the active mode). At first glance, the problem is easily solved - it is enough to register the spectrum of a noisy object, compare it with the database, and get an answer - what kind of object is it, up to the name of the commander. In fact, the spectrum of the target depends on the speed, the angle of the target, the spectrum observed by the hydroacoustic complex contains distortions due to the passage of the signal through a randomly inhomogeneous propagation channel (aquatic environment), and therefore depends on distance, weather, area of action and many other reasons , which make the problem of recognition by the spectrum practically unsolvable. Therefore, in the domestic classification, other approaches are used related to the analysis of characteristic features inherent in a particular class of targets. Another problem that requires serious scientific research, but is urgently needed is the classification of near-bottom and silty objects associated with the recognition of mines. It is known and experimentally confirmed that dolphins quite confidently recognize air- and water-filled objects made of metal, plastic, and wood. The task of researchers is to develop methods and algorithms that implement the same procedure that a dolphin performs when solving a similar problem.

6. The task of self-defense

Self-defense is a complex task of ensuring the safety of a ship (including anti-torpedo protection), which includes detection, classification, target designation, and the issuance of initial data for the use of weapons and (or) countermeasures. The peculiarity of this task is the integrated use of data from various subsystems of the SAC, the identification of data coming from various sources, and the provision of information interaction with other ship systems that provide the use of weapons.

The above is only a small part of those promising areas of research that need to be done in order to increase the effectiveness of the hydroacoustic weapons being created. But from an idea to a product is a long way, requiring advanced technologies, a modern research and experimental base, a developed infrastructure for the production of the necessary materials for hydroacoustic transducers and antennas, etc. It should be noted that recent years have been characterized for our enterprise by a serious technical re-equipment of the production and testing base, which became possible thanks to funding from a number of federal targeted programs, both civil and special, conducted by the Ministry of Industry and Trade of the Russian Federation. Thanks to this financial support, over the past five years, it has been possible to completely repair and significantly modernize Europe's largest hydroacoustic experimental pool, located on the territory of OAO Concern Okeanpribor, to radically upgrade the production capacities of serial plants that are part of the concern, thanks to which the Taganrog plant "Priboy" has become the most advanced instrument-making enterprise in the south of Russia. We are creating new production facilities - piezomaterials, printed circuit boards, in the future - the construction of new production and scientific areas, stands for setting up and commissioning equipment. In 2 - 3 years, the production and scientific capacities of the enterprise, supported by a "data bank" of new ideas and developments, will allow us to start creating fifth-generation hydroacoustic weapons, so necessary for the Navy.

CHAPTER 1. ANALYSIS OF THE BASIC METHODS FOR LOCATION OF THE SOURCE OF NAVIGATION SIGNALS BY ULTRASHORT BASIS SYSTEMS.

1.1. Statement of the problem of developing a hydroacoustic navigation complex.

1.1.1. IPMT experience in the development of rangefinder navigation systems.

1.1.2. Tasks for the development of GANS-UKB.

1.2. Amplitude methods for determining goniometric information by small-sized (ultra-short-baseline) antennas.

1.2.1. Linear equidistant antenna.

1.2.2. Circular equidistant antenna.

1.2.3. Potential accuracy of amplitude direction finders.

1.3. About measuring the phase shift between two tones distorted by noise.

1.4. Calculation formulas for phase direction finding in systems with antennas of a simple configuration.

1.4.1. Dual Receiver.

1.4.2. Four element receiver.

1.4.3. Six-channel phase direction finder.

1.5. Method for direction finding of a source of navigation signals using circular discrete antennas with a large number of elements.

1.5.1. Derivation of calculation formulas and estimation of the error of the UKB direction finder with a circular base.

1.5.2. Direction finding algorithms for a direction finder with a circular base, taking into account changes in the angular orientation of the antenna.

1.6. Conclusions.

CHAPTER 2. STATISTICAL PROCESSING OF INFORMATION OF A HYDRO-ACOUSTIC NAVIGATION SYSTEM WITH AN ULTRA-SHORT BASEBASE.

2.1. Solution of the direction finding problem based on statistical processing methods.

2.2. Direction finding equations for multi-element antennas of various configurations.

2.2.1. Linear multi-element antenna.

2.2.2. Antenna with an arbitrary number of elements on a circular base.

2.2.3. Four element antenna.

2.2.4. Circular antenna with an additional element in the center.

2.2.5. Dual antenna.

2.2.6. Conclusions.

2.3. Features of processing a multi-frequency navigation signal.

2.4. Antenna configuration and estimation of potential accuracy.

2.4.1. Antennas with half-wave spacing between elements.

2.4.2. sparse antennas.

2.4.3. Sector selection based on antenna phasing.

2.5. Conclusions.

CHAPTER 3. METHODOLOGY FOR ASSESSING THE ACCURACY OF NAVIGATION SYSTEMS WITH ULTRA SHORT BASELINE.

3.1. Evaluation of the systematic component of the error in determining the bearing.

3.1.1. Phase function of an imperfect multi-element receiving antenna.

3.1.2. Development of equipment for metrological certification of receiving multi-element antennas.

3.1.3. Experimental studies of antenna accuracy in laboratory conditions.

3.2. Estimates of the accuracy of a broadband direction finder (study of the characteristics of an antenna for processing a multi-frequency navigation signal).

3.3. Experimental studies of the main characteristics of an ultra-short baseline navigation system in shallow sea conditions.

3.3.1. System certification method by comparison with the data of a certified navigation system (on the example of GANS-DB).

3.3.2. Method for Estimating the Accuracy of Angular Measurements Based on Range Finding Data.

3.3.3. A method for calibrating an ultrashort baseline navigation system in natural conditions using a reference transponder beacon.

3.3.4. Metrological substantiation of ultrashort baseline navigation system calibration according to GANS DB and GPS data.

3.4. Estimation of metrological characteristics of GANS-UKB in deep sea conditions.

3.5. Conclusions.

CHAPTER 4. METHODS OF CONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE MAIN ELEMENTS OF THE HYDRO-ACOUSTIC COMMUNICATION SYSTEM OF THE UNDERWATER VEHICLE. 146 4.1. General approach to assessing the main parameters of the GASS for AUVs.

4.1.1. General information.

4.1.2. On the structure of the information symbol.

4.1.3. About synchronization.

4.1.4. On the choice of an impulse for estimating the characteristics of a communication channel.

4.1.5. Data block processing.

4.1.6. Numerical modeling of a communication channel. 153 4.2.0 development of broadband piezoelectric transducers and antennas for GASS.

4.2.1. Broadband cylindrical piezoelectric transducers.

4.2.2. Cylindrical piezoelectric transducers with controlled characteristics

4.2.3. Broadband piston-type piezoelectric transducers.

4.2.4. On the electrical matching of piezoelectric transducers in a wide frequency band.

4.2.5. On the energy efficiency of broadband converters.

4.2.6. Characteristics of the developed antennas.

4.3. Multi-element receiver of GASS signals with adaptive control of XH according to the direction finder of the navigation system.

4.3.1. Data processing.

4.3.2. Characteristics of the UKB antenna when receiving signals from the communication system.

4.4. Experimental study of an incoherent multi-frequency communication system with amplitude correction of the channel transfer characteristic.

4.4.1. Multifrequency signal processing algorithm.

4.4.2. Block diagram of a communication system.

4.4.3. Experimental studies of the elements of the hydroacoustic communication system in shallow sea conditions.

4.5. Conclusions.

CHAPTER 5. DEVELOPMENT OF THE DOPPLER LOG AS A PART OF THE ON-BOARD NAVIGATION SYSTEM OF THE UNDERWATER VEHICLE.

5.1. Antennas.

5.2. Spectral processing of short impulse signals.

5.3. Structure and circuitry.

5.4. Field studies of the characteristics of the lag as part of the AUV.

5.5. Conclusions.

CHAPTER 6. TECHNICAL IMPLEMENTATION AND EXPERIENCE OF PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF HYDRO-ACOUSTIC NAVIGATION AIDS OF THE UNDERWATER ROBOT. 207 6.1. Technical implementation of a hydroacoustic navigation system with an ultrashort baseline.

6.1.1. Structural diagram of GANS-UKB.

6.1.2. Features of building hardware.

6.1.3. Receiving antenna of the navigation system.

6.1.4. Data processing.

6.1.5. User interface.

6.1.6. Software.

6.1.7. Full-scale tests and practical operation of GANS-UKB.

6.2. Technical characteristics of the GASS equipment set.

6.2.1. Main characteristics.

6.2.2. Principle of operation.

6.2.3. Block diagram of the receiver.

6.2.4. The structure of the GASS signal.

6.2.5. Results of sea trials in the deep sea.

6.3. Hydroacoustic navigation complex.

6.3.1. Composition and purpose of the ship's navigation complex.

6.3.2. Technical proposals for the development of a combined navigation and control system.

6.4. Comprehensive testing of hydroacoustic navigation aids and experience of their use in real work.

6.4.1. Comprehensive testing of navigation aids.

6.4.2. Experience in the practical application of hydroacoustic navigation aids in real search operations.

Recommended list of dissertations

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Dissertation conclusion on the topic "Acoustics", Matvienko, Yuri Viktorovich

The main results of the work:

1. The principles of constructing ultrashort-baseline systems have been studied and the analysis of the main methods for determining the angular position of the source of tonal and broadband navigation signals in the processing of information from small-sized receiving antennas has been carried out.

Calculation expressions are obtained and the direction finding characteristics of amplitude direction finders with total and difference data processing are studied.

The low potential accuracy of systems of the simplest configuration containing one, two or three pairs of orthogonal receivers with phase data processing methods is noted, and the need to complicate systems to increase accuracy is noted.

A method for direction finding of a source of tonal signals is proposed and justified, based on the use of antennas with a large number of receivers densely placed on a circular base with the determination of the cumulative phase, the error of which can potentially be reduced to 0.1 degrees.

Calculation formulas are obtained and, using the example of circular antennas with a large number of elements, the connection between the data of the heading, roll and trim sensors and their errors on the value of the measured navigation parameters and their errors is shown.

Based on the maximum likelihood method, the problem of statistical processing of navigation data is solved using discrete antennas of arbitrary configuration. In this case, the estimate of the desired parameters is determined by joint processing of all pairs of channels taken with different weights. The weight coefficients contain both a geometric component, equal to the derivative of the phase function with respect to the measured parameter, and an energy component, equal to the signal-to-noise ratio operating in the channel in terms of energy.

Calculation relations are derived for determining the bearing and direction finding error for a number of the most common antenna configurations: linear, circular, combined.

A phase direction finder based on the use of circular antennas of large wave size with a limited number of elements has been developed.

The technology for reducing the number of processing channels while maintaining the angular resolution is substantiated by dividing the direction finding procedure into two stages: coarse direction finding to determine the viewing sector and exact solution of the bearing equation with a given initial approximation.

The possibility of resolving phase ambiguities arising during the operation of sparse antennas by methods of amplitude direction finding is substantiated.

It is theoretically justified to achieve an angular resolution of 0.1-0.2 degrees with the number of channels 6-8 and the wave size of the antenna 3-5 wavelengths of the navigation frequency.

Relationships are obtained for calculating the bearing by a small-sized discrete antenna, the propagation time of an acoustic signal on the aperture of which is comparable to the period of the average frequency of the received spectrum.

2. Researches of methods for assessing the accuracy of GANS UKB have been carried out and methods for measuring their characteristics in laboratory and field conditions have been developed.

To describe a discrete multi-element antenna, a vector function is proposed, each component of which describes for a selected antenna element the dependence of the phase of the received acoustic signal on the direction of its arrival. An exact (experimental) definition of the function is essential when solving the problem of finding a navigation object.

A stand for certification of multi-element antennas has been developed, which is installed in a specialized hydroacoustic basin and includes a source of regulated signals and a receiving system with a precision turntable and multichannel phase measurement equipment for signals such as radio pulses.

An antenna certification technology has been developed, which consists in experimental measurement of the antenna phase function, determination of analytical functions that approximate the obtained data and their use in solving direction finding equations, with tabulation of the difference between the obtained bearing estimate and its true (setting) value in the form of an estimate of the systematic component of the error.

Multi-element receiving antennas for operating samples of systems have been developed and investigated, which provide a systematic error of about 0.5 degrees.

A comparative analysis of the operation of the GANS DB and UKB in shallow sea conditions with a fixed installation of the UKB receiving antenna has been carried out.

A method for estimating relative angular measurements based on the processing of ranging data is analyzed.

The method of certification of the UKB system in shallow seas with the use of a reference beacon-responder based on the processing of ranging data is substantiated. It is shown that with a relative range measurement error of a few tenths of a percent, the error in the calculated bearing value for the AUV moving around the UKB - antenna and beacon along a closed trajectory does not exceed one degree.

The analysis was carried out and the accuracy characteristics of the UKB system were determined based on the results of operation in deep sea conditions. Data from the GANS DB, data from the onboard navigation system and depth sensor, and rangefinding data were used as reference data. The expediency of analyzing the differential variability of ranging data for identifying individual fragments of the AUV trajectory and the possibility of reasonable averaging of the angular data during trajectory processing are shown. As a result of the analysis, the conclusion about the error of angular measurements of about 0.5 deg is substantiated.

A technique for eliminating phase ambiguities arising from an increase in the size of the measuring base by statistical processing of multifrequency signals is substantiated and experimentally verified.

A multi-element receiving antenna and equipment for emitting (receiving) complex signals have been developed and experimentally investigated, estimates of the system error have been made, which are tenths of a deg.

3. Methods have been researched and means have been developed for a high-speed system for transmitting information via a hydroacoustic channel from an AUV to a support vessel.

Methods for constructing broadband piezoelectric transducers have been studied and specialized cylindrical and rod transducers with special directivity characteristics designed for operation in communication system equipment have been developed: a highly efficient cylindrical transducer with a bandwidth of up to three octaves using thin matching layers of a horn configuration, the XH of which meets the requirements for operation in the shallow sea; a multi-resonant transducer for emitting and receiving multi-frequency signals is proposed, made in the form of a set of coaxial piezocylinders; Piston piezoelectric transducers with CV of one-sided type are proposed for operation in conditions of a vertical signal propagation channel.

The structure of the data transmission system over a multipath communication channel with the adaptation of the processing scheme over a data block of finite length is analyzed. The transmission of an information block is preceded by a procedure for setting the parameters of the receiver, the temporary size of the block is determined by the current state of the communication channel. Using numerical simulation methods, the features of the choice of connected signals are analyzed and the expediency of using a signal by combined phase and frequency shift keying is shown.

A technique for estimating the impulse response of a communication channel and refining the synchronization moment by transmitting and processing a series of pulses of alternating phase is proposed.

A scheme for receiving signals from a communication system by a multi-element navigation antenna with the implementation of spatial filtering of a direct beam under multipath conditions based on data on the angular position of the source of signals and interference obtained during the operation of the GANS UKB is proposed and justified.

Research has been carried out and the possibility of transmitting information in a multi-frequency communication channel with preliminary equalization of the end-to-end amplitude frequency response of the channel and the choice of the current message based on a comparative analysis of the energy in each frequency channel has been substantiated. Experimental studies of such a processing system in very shallow sea conditions have confirmed the possibility of using equipment for transmitting graphic images at a rate of about 3000 bps with a low error probability.

4. For onboard navigation of an underwater robot, a Doppler log was developed and integrated into the complex.

Research has been carried out and specialized lag antennas with high echo sensitivity obtained due to the optimal acoustic-mechanical matching of the antenna piezoelectric transducers with the working environment have been developed.

To increase the speed of the lag, a method of spectral processing of short pulse signals is proposed and implemented, which provides a high frequency resolution due to the formation of long quasi-coherent realizations of the reflected signals. The method makes it possible to determine the velocity components with the minimum dispersion in one second.

An experimental sample of the Doppler log has been developed and is being used as part of the AUV

A technique for calibrating the lag in natural conditions has been developed by calculating the speed of the AUV according to the rangefinding data of the GANS.

5. A hydroacoustic navigation system was developed, tested and tested in real operations, which provides the formation of a navigation information picture of the progress of the mission on board the support vessel and AUV, consisting of hydroacoustic navigation, information transmission and absolute speed measurement.

Developed, tested in shallow and deep seas and integrated into the GANS UKB navigation complex, which includes: a synchronized navigation signal source at the facility, a ship processing complex with a receiving antenna on a cable-rope, a GPS receiver. The system has the following characteristics: range - 6-10 km; bearing measurement error - less than 1 degree; range measurement error - 0.5%. The possibility of the system operation in the position control mode of an AUV making a long transition along an extended object with the movement of the support vessel and the towing of the receiving antenna at a speed of up to 5 knots has been experimentally confirmed.

A high-frequency UKB navigation system has been developed, tested and used as part of a tethered vehicle with the source placed on board the ship, and the receiver - on the vehicle.

Information transmission equipment was developed and tested as part of hydroacoustic means of navigation and information support for AUVs for operational monitoring of the state of survey and search operations in deep sea conditions and a vertical communication channel. The equipment provides data transmission at a speed of 4000bps, with an error probability of about one percent, which ensures the transmission of TV image frames in 45s.

A Doppler log was developed, tested and integrated into the onboard navigation system, which ensures the measurement of the AUV absolute velocity vector in the speed range of 0-2m/s with an error of 1-2cm/s.

The technology of using the navigation complex is proposed:

GANS DB - for multiple AUV launches in selected areas with search by area with increased accuracy requirements.

GANS UKB in case of need for long transitions when tracking extended objects or moving targets, in case of emergency AUV launches, in case of covert launches.<

DL with calculation of trajectories by dead reckoning - when the AUV reaches a given point, during additional examination using TV systems.

The successful operation of the complex as part of the AUV during real search operations in the Ocean has been demonstrated.

Thanks.

In conclusion, I want to express my deep gratitude to all IPMT employees who took part in the development and testing of sonar systems for underwater vehicles. Special thanks to academician Ageev M.D., heads of departments Kasatkin B.A. and Rylov N.I.

CONCLUSION

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Hydroacoustics (from Greek. hydro- water, acusticococcus- auditory) - the science of phenomena occurring in the aquatic environment and associated with the propagation, emission and reception of acoustic waves. It includes the development and creation of hydroacoustic devices intended for use in the aquatic environment.

The history of development

Hydroacoustics- a science that is rapidly developing at the present time, and undoubtedly has a great future. Its appearance was preceded by a long path of development of theoretical and applied acoustics. We find the first information about the manifestation of human interest in the propagation of sound in water in the notes of the famous Renaissance scientist Leonardo da Vinci:

The first measurements of distance by means of sound were made by the Russian researcher Academician Ya. D. Zakharov. On June 30, 1804, he flew in a balloon for scientific purposes, and in this flight he used the reflection of sound from the earth's surface to determine the flight altitude. While in the basket of the ball, he shouted loudly into the downward horn. After 10 seconds, a distinctly audible echo came. From this, Zakharov concluded that the height of the ball above the ground was approximately 5 x 334 = 1670 m. This method formed the basis of radio and sonar.

Along with the development of theoretical issues in Russia, practical studies were carried out on the phenomena of the propagation of sounds in the sea. Admiral S. O. Makarov in 1881 - 1882 proposed to use a device called a fluctometer to transmit information about the speed of the current under water. This marked the beginning of the development of a new branch of science and technology - hydroacoustic telemetry.

Scheme of the hydrophonic station of the Baltic Plant, model 1907: 1 - water pump; 2 - pipeline; 3 - pressure regulator; 4 - electromagnetic hydraulic shutter (telegraph valve); 5 - telegraph key; 6 - hydraulic membrane emitter; 7 - board of the ship; 8 - tank with water; 9 - sealed microphone

In the 1890s at the Baltic Shipyard, on the initiative of Captain 2nd Rank M.N. Beklemishev, work began on the development of hydroacoustic communication devices. The first tests of a hydroacoustic transmitter for underwater communication were carried out at the end of the 19th century. in the experimental pool in the Galernaya harbor in St. Petersburg. The vibrations emitted by it were well heard for 7 miles on the Nevsky floating lighthouse. As a result of research in 1905. created the first hydroacoustic communication device, in which a special underwater siren controlled by a telegraph key played the role of a transmitter, and a carbon microphone, fixed from the inside on the ship's hull, served as a signal receiver. The signals were recorded by the Morse apparatus and by ear. Later, the siren was replaced with a membrane-type emitter. The efficiency of the device, called a hydrophonic station, has increased significantly. Sea trials of the new station took place in March 1908. on the Black Sea, where the range of reliable signal reception exceeded 10 km.

The first serial stations for sound underwater communication designed by the Baltic Shipyard in 1909-1910. installed on submarines "Carp", "Gudgeon", "Sterlet", « Mackerel" and " Perch» . When installing stations on submarines, in order to reduce interference, the receiver was located in a special fairing towed astern on a cable-cable. The British came to a similar decision only during the First World War. Then this idea was forgotten, and only at the end of the 1950s it was again used in different countries when creating noise-resistant sonar ship stations.

The impetus for the development of hydroacoustics was the First World War. During the war, the Entente countries suffered heavy losses in the merchant and navy due to the actions of German submarines. There was a need to find means to combat them. They were soon found. A submarine in a submerged position can be heard by the noise generated by the propellers and operating mechanisms. A device that detects noisy objects and determines their location was called a noise direction finder. The French physicist P. Langevin in 1915 suggested using a sensitive receiver made of Rochelle salt for the first noise direction finding station.

Fundamentals of hydroacoustics

Features of the propagation of acoustic waves in water

Components of an echo occurrence event.

The beginning of comprehensive and fundamental research on the propagation of acoustic waves in water was laid during the Second World War, which was dictated by the need to solve the practical problems of the navies and, first of all, submarines. Experimental and theoretical work was continued in the postwar years and summarized in a number of monographs. As a result of these works, some features of the propagation of acoustic waves in water were identified and refined: absorption, attenuation, reflection and refraction.

The absorption of acoustic wave energy in sea water is caused by two processes: the internal friction of the medium and the dissociation of salts dissolved in it. The first process converts the energy of an acoustic wave into thermal energy, and the second process, being converted into chemical energy, brings the molecules out of equilibrium, and they decay into ions. This type of absorption increases sharply with an increase in the frequency of the acoustic vibration. The presence of suspended particles, microorganisms and temperature anomalies in the water also leads to the attenuation of the acoustic wave in the water. As a rule, these losses are small, and they are included in the total absorption, however, sometimes, as, for example, in the case of scattering from the wake of a ship, these losses can be up to 90%. The presence of temperature anomalies leads to the fact that the acoustic wave enters the zones of the acoustic shadow, where it can undergo multiple reflections.

The presence of water-air and water-bottom interfaces leads to the reflection of an acoustic wave from them, and if in the first case the acoustic wave is completely reflected, then in the second case the reflection coefficient depends on the bottom material: it poorly reflects the muddy bottom, well - sandy and rocky . At shallow depths, due to the repeated reflection of an acoustic wave between the bottom and the surface, an underwater sound channel arises, in which the acoustic wave can propagate over long distances. Changing the value of the speed of sound at different depths leads to the curvature of the sound "rays" - refraction.

Refraction of sound (curvature of the path of the sound beam)

Sound refraction in water: a - in summer; b - in winter; on the left - change in speed with depth.

The speed of sound propagation varies with depth, and the changes depend on the time of year and day, the depth of the reservoir, and a number of other reasons. Sound rays emerging from a source at a certain angle to the horizon are bent, and the direction of the bend depends on the distribution of sound velocities in the medium: in summer, when the upper layers are warmer than the lower ones, the rays bend downward and are mostly reflected from the bottom, while losing a significant portion of their energy ; in winter, when the lower layers of the water maintain their temperature, while the upper layers cool, the rays bend upward and are repeatedly reflected from the surface of the water, with much less energy being lost. Therefore, in winter, the sound propagation distance is greater than in summer. The vertical sound velocity distribution (VSDS) and the velocity gradient have a decisive influence on the propagation of sound in the marine environment. The distribution of the speed of sound in different regions of the World Ocean is different and varies with time. There are several typical cases of VRSZ:

Scattering and absorption of sound by inhomogeneities of the medium.

Propagation of sound in underwater sound. channel: a - change in the speed of sound with depth; b - path of rays in the sound channel.

The propagation of high-frequency sounds, when the wavelengths are very small, is influenced by small inhomogeneities, usually found in natural reservoirs: gas bubbles, microorganisms, etc. These inhomogeneities act in two ways: they absorb and scatter the energy of sound waves. As a result, with an increase in the frequency of sound vibrations, the range of their propagation is reduced. This effect is especially noticeable in the surface layer of water, where there are the most inhomogeneities.

Scattering of sound by heterogeneities, as well as irregularities in the surface of the water and the bottom, causes the phenomenon of underwater reverberation that accompanies the sending of a sound pulse: sound waves, reflecting from a combination of heterogeneities and merging, give a tightening of the sound pulse, which continues after its end. The limits of the range of propagation of underwater sounds are also limited by the own noises of the sea, which have a dual origin: some of the noises arise from the impacts of waves on the surface of the water, from the sea surf, from the noise of rolling pebbles, etc.; the other part is associated with marine fauna (sounds produced by hydrobionts: fish and other marine animals). Biohydroacoustics deals with this very serious aspect.

Distance of propagation of sound waves

The range of propagation of sound waves is a complex function of the radiation frequency, which is uniquely related to the wavelength of the acoustic signal. As is known, high-frequency acoustic signals are rapidly attenuated due to strong absorption by the aquatic environment. Low-frequency signals, on the contrary, are capable of propagating in the aquatic environment over long distances. So an acoustic signal with a frequency of 50 Hz is capable of propagating in the ocean for distances of thousands of kilometers, while a signal with a frequency of 100 kHz, typical for side-scan sonar, has a propagation range of only 1-2 km. The approximate ranges of modern sonars with different frequencies of the acoustic signal (wavelength) are given in the table:

Areas of use.

Hydroacoustics has received wide practical application, since no effective system has yet been created for transmitting electromagnetic waves under water at any significant distance, and therefore sound is the only possible means of communication under water. For these purposes, sound frequencies from 300 to 10,000 Hz and ultrasounds from 10,000 Hz and above are used. Electrodynamic and piezoelectric emitters and hydrophones are used as emitters and receivers in the sound region, and piezoelectric and magnetostrictive ones are used in the ultrasonic region.

The most significant applications of hydroacoustics are:

To solve military problems;
Maritime navigation;
Sound underwater communication;
Fish-searching reconnaissance;
Oceanological research;
Areas of activity for the development of the wealth of the bottom of the oceans;
Use of acoustics in the pool (at home or in a synchronized swimming training center)
Marine animal training.

Notes

Literature and sources of information

LITERATURE:

V.V. Shuleikin Physics of the sea. - Moscow: "Nauka", 1968. - 1090 p.
I.A. Romanian Fundamentals of hydroacoustics. - Moscow: "Shipbuilding", 1979. - 105 p.
Yu.A. Koryakin Hydroacoustic systems. - St. Petersburg: "Science of St. Petersburg and the naval power of Russia", 2002. - 416 p.

Just about the complex. Programs. Iron. Internet. Windows

Hydroacoustic systems pl in anti-submarine warfare. The Navy will purchase hydroacoustic complexes of the Kryakva family Scattering and absorption of sound by inhomogeneities of the medium

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