home PC software Keepass doesn't autodial. Password storage program KeePass. Description of settings and operation. Setting up and creating entries

Keepass doesn't autodial. Password storage program KeePass. Description of settings and operation. Setting up and creating entries

Introduction

The introduction will be short: a few words on the classic topic - "Does the use of a password manager instead of a notepad with a pen mean a severe form of paranoia?". For most, the answer is obvious: whether you like it or not, the “notebook with a pen” stops working at the very moment when you start writing login data into it for the 101st newfangled service that you decided to “just test”.
In general, switching to electronic storage of passwords is like quitting smoking: everyone is supposedly aware of such a need, only they always postpone it until better times.

Briefly about the advantages and competitors of KeePass

A complete list of all the features of the program is given on this page of the Russian-language website about KeePass.

I will focus only on some key features, we will consider the rest in the course of the article:

High security. In addition to purely technical details, such as the encryption and caching algorithms used (which can be found at the link above), the support of two-factor authentication is no less important for us (to open the database, you need to know the password + have a special file).
Open source. There is an opinion that reliable cryptographic software cannot be closed. KeePass is an OSI Certified program.
Cross-platform. Complete, including all mobile operating systems except webOS and Symbian. Details on the official download page.
Free. When a program of this level can be used for free, I see no reason to pay for analogues.
Portability. KeePass does not require installation, it can work from a flash drive, it does not create or store anything in the system.
Time check. KeePass is a classic. The program has been developed and supported since 2003. In such a delicate matter as storing passwords, it is obviously not worth chasing the latest innovations.

Now a few words about competitors (for more details, you can read the Habr "Popular password managers in comparison") ...
So, half of them offer their products for a fee (and as I said, I could not find any reason why it is worth paying), and the other half stores your data in the cloud. In my opinion, it is obvious that a place where thousands of people keep their secrets is a very logical target for all kinds of attacks. So I'm afraid it's only a matter of time, especially since the first news from LastPass has already arrived (proof on Habré "Maybe LastPass was hacked").

I've never used LastPass, but I get the impression from the reviews that all of its features can be easily configured using KeePass and its plugins. The difference is that in this case only you will own your password database.

KeePass installation and general settings

Installation. You can download and install the latest version on the official page of the program. I recommend a portable version with subsequent installation on a USB flash drive.

Russification. Download the Russian version of the language file from here and copy it to the program directory. Thereafter

launch KeePass → View → Change Language → Choose language → and Restart KeePass.

Run at system startup. We force KeePass to start with the OS:

Tools → Settings → Integration → Start KeePass at system startup (for the current user).

And we make sure that KeePass always starts in a minimized and blocked state:

Tools → Settings → Advanced → Run in minimized and blocked state.

Automatic saving of the database after changes. Cunningly using the ability to configure triggers for automation, we will achieve instant autosave of the password database after any significant change in it. For this we go to

Service → Triggers → Add.

Next, enter the name "Autosave database" and go to the tab

Events → User interface status updated → Conditions tab → Current password database contains unsaved changes → Actions tab → Save current password database.

Increase the number of encryption cycles. Why this is needed is clear from the screenshot below:

The number of cycles easily increases to several million without significant slowdowns in operation. You can calculate what your computer is capable of by clicking on "Calculate for a second delay".

Composite master key

What's this? It's simple, look: there is KeePass, there is a Password Database - a separate file that can be stored anywhere, there is a Master password - what you need know to access this database and there is a Key file - what you have to have to access this database.

1) Master password. A password that you keep in your head or in some other dry and safe place. The only thing you need to remember to work with KeePass. Naturally, your master password should be as strong as possible, and so on.

Reminder to change the Master password. Exhibiting here:

File → Password Database Settings → Advanced:

2) Key file. The password to your database, which is not contained in the head, but in the file. Can be used instead of Master password, but it is recommended to use in addition to him.

It is recommended to choose a file with a large amount of random data as a Key file, which should not be changed under any circumstances (otherwise you will not be able to open the database). The Key file can have any extension and name.
You should not store the Key File in the same folder as KeePass or the password database. It is better to choose a file that will be one of many similar files located in another folder and preferably on removable media. Make sure that the name, extension, size and date of the file matches the rest of the files in this folder.
As a key, you can try to use a file that you can always easily download on the Internet. For example, an image on your blog. It is clear that this is not very reliable, but knowing such a life hack can come in handy.
To make the process of working with KeePass a little more secure, you can stop it from remembering the path to the Keyfile and keeping a history. For this we go to
Tools → Settings → Advanced
and uncheck "Remember key sources". And then in the Appearance tab, set the value for “Remember recently used files” to 0. And finally, do not forget to turn off saving the history of recently used documents in Windows:
Control Panel → Taskbar and Start Menu → remove the two checkmarks from Store and display.
After these manipulations, the path to the Key file will need to be selected manually when starting KeePass.

Creating new entries

Setting up automatic passwords. When registering another account, KeePass can automatically generate a random password for it. It is very comfortable. The default template of the received password can be slightly adjusted to increase the strength. It's done like this

Tools → Password Generator → Settings

Here we increase the number of characters in the new password and specify which character sets we want to use when creating new passwords. On the Preview tab, you can immediately check out examples of passwords created from your template.
Next, on the same tab, select the profile "Autogenerated passwords for new entries" and click on the icon with a floppy disk.

After that, in the "Save as profile" drop-down menu, select "Auto-generated passwords" and click OK to overwrite the profile template.

Hotkeys. The universal shortcut for calling the KeePass window from any application is Ctrl+Alt+K. If you then press Insert, then KeePass will proceed to create a new entry in the password database:

Reminder of expired passwords. At the bottom of this window, we set (if desired) a reminder of the need to change the password for the entry.

Later, in the Comments field, I recommend adding the password change URL on the site - it will come in handy.
Now let's teach KeePass to show expired password reminders when the program starts. For this we go to

Tools → Settings → Advanced → Show expired entries after opening the password database.

Ability to attach files to a post. Yes exactly! On the Advanced tab, any files can be attached to the entry, which will be encoded and saved along with other data in the password database. There are many uses for this feature...

History of password changes. KeePass keeps a history of changes for each individual entry. It can be extremely important to know which password was previously used or how long ago it was changed. This, as well as old password recovery, is available on the History tab.

Ways to automate password entry on websites

Let's move on to the most interesting part. How to simplify password entry as much as possible? There are several options for this.

1) Autodial. With this feature, KeePass can automatically fill in login and password fields on websites. To do this, just put the cursor on the login input field and press the keyboard shortcut for Autodial (by default, Ctrl + Alt + A). I bound Ctrl+Alt+A to one of the mouse buttons, making it even easier to use this feature.

Autodial templates. Autodial works according to a specific algorithm that can be changed. The default autotype template looks like

(UserName)(TAB)(Password)(ENTER)

(i.e. KeePass logs in to the site → presses TAB to go to the password field → enters password → presses ENTER).
But this pattern is not universal. For example, sometimes it is necessary to check a checkbox like "Remember me on this computer". Then you need to create a new template or change the current one to

(UserName)(TAB)(Password)(TAB) (ENTER)

(the second TAB will go to the checkbox, and the Space will tick the necessary checkbox).

We simplify the setting of Autodial parameters. In order not to change the template manually for each entry, you can use the following life hack: create several groups of entries inside the database with different Autotype rights (for example, I have “Standard”, “With checkbox” and “Without Enter” in the screenshot below):

The thing is that by default entries in KeePass inherit Autodial settings from their group. Therefore, in the future, it is enough to simply drag the entry to the desired group so that the appropriate Autodial options are assigned to it.

Different sequences for different windows. It also happens that on different pages of the same site, data is entered in a different sequence. For example, on one of them you need to check the checkbox, on the other not. On the Autotype tab of each entry, you can select the current window from the drop-down list and set individual Autotype settings for it in a couple of clicks.

Multiple accounts on one site. If you have several accounts on the site, then when you press Ctrl + Alt + A, KeePass prompts you to make a choice (example for the site in the screenshot)

Pros and cons of Autodial. For the correct operation of Autodial, no auxiliary plug-ins for integration with the browser are required. Autodial works in any browser and application. The browser doesn't know anything about KeePass at all. The main disadvantage is the vulnerability to keyloggers. But this problem can be solved with...

Double complication of Autodial. This feature disables the use of standard keyloggers. The keylogger can "see" Ctrl-V being pressed, but cannot register the actual content being pasted from the clipboard. Since this function does not work with all target windows, the developer removed the ability to enable it by default. So Double complication must be enabled for each specific entry in the "Autotype" tab.

Simplify quick search. There are other methods for entering passwords. After all, not always you can or want to use Autodial. But before moving on to them, let's set two settings that are useful for this. For this we go to

Tools → Settings → Appearance

and simplify our search in our password database in this way:

2) Double click on the entry. To enter data using this method, you need to find and select the record you are going to use and double-click on one of its fields.

Depending on which field you clicked on, KeePass will do the following:

Title: will open the edit window for this entry;
Name: will copy the username to the clipboard;
Password: will copy the user's password to the clipboard;
Link: will open the address contained in it in the browser or copy it to the clipboard (the required option is set in the settings).

3) Drag&Drop. This is another way to enter data. Any field (name, password) of the KeePass entry can be dragged and pasted into windows of other programs and applications.

Sharing the same password database and backup

Sharing. No more transferring passwords via ICQ or email! KeePass can be configured for comfortable collaboration. Here's how I implemented it with Dropbox:

Create a folder inside Dropbox.
We share it through the right-click menu, enter the email of the employee(s).
In KeePass, we create a new password database and choose its placement in the Dropbox shared folder.
We transfer to other users the Main password, the Key file and the recommendations outlined above in the advice “Automatically save the database after changes”.
By the way, this example is the easiest way to understand the usefulness of the Key File: the database itself is located in the cloud, but the Key File is only on users' computers. So in theory, even access to your Dropbox won't help an attacker.

When trying to save a shared base, KeePass first checks to see if the file on disk has changed since the download. If yes, then KeePass asks whether to sync, overwrite, or leave it unchanged (see screenshot).

Backup. Archived for the password database and key file. I use a combination of cloud storage + the Genie Timeline backup software I'm talking about. It's set up like this: I just insert the flash drive into the computer, Genie instantly starts making a backup, after which I take out the flash drive. Bingo!
Whatever type of backup you use, necessarily check if the saved database opens on another computer.

Everyone who has to deal with the Internet, whether for work or entertainment, sooner or later comes to the need in some way store passwords for websites. At the same time, all stages of storage are passed. Initially, passwords are stored as separate files with no specific location. Then, after losing several of them, the passwords are stored in a single file, usually a text file. And when the number of passwords exceeds several dozen and they become more and more important, it becomes clear that they cannot be stored in this form and it is time to look for a program for storing passwords. But you do not have to do this - such a program has already been found, and it is called KeePass

Description of KeePass

KeePass (full name - KeePass Password Safe) is a free password storage program developed by Dominik Reichl for the Windows operating system. KeePass supports the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES, Rijndael) and Twofish algorithms for encrypting its database passwords. It is possible to export the database to TXT, HTML, XML and CSV formats, as well as import it from many different formats.
As you can see, Kipass has a lot of advantages - free, open source, high degree of data protection and portability. KeePass can be carried on a flash drive and used in a wide variety of places. And Advanced Encryption Standard password encryption algorithms are the most reliable in the world - banks use them in their work. So you don't have to worry about data security. Among other things, the KeePass project is actively developing, which guarantees the release of new versions.
Let's quickly download KeePass and start a closer acquaintance with this wonderful program. An overview of all its capabilities is not included in the scope of this article, but we will learn how to configure and work with it.

Installation

At the time of writing, there are two versions of the program: 1.17 and 2.10. They differ from each other - 2.10 is more advanced in terms of features and amenities. For me, for example, the ability to synchronize data in this version is very important, since I have 3 copies of Kipass: at home, at work and a flash drive. It is clear that the data on them must be the same, and when changing (adding) the password, I do not need to go into each of the programs - I use synchronization and all the latest changes are automatically transferred to another copy of the program. Okay, agree. But for version 2.10, a Microsoft .NET Framework library higher than version 2.0 must be installed on the computer.

Version 1.17 is also working and supported, it just has fewer features. It does not need additional libraries for its work and it is guaranteed to run on any computer. The appearance of both versions is the same.

Since the Microsoft .NET Framework is free and installed by default on Vista, we will be downloading the 2.10 portable version.

You can download the program from the official website, the Russian language module will have to be downloaded separately. We go to the KeePass website. Click on the link "Portable KeePass 2.10 (ZIP Package)" and on the next page we are waiting for the download to start. If it does not start, click the "direct link" link and download the archive.

Regardless of the download option, we will receive an archive that needs to be unpacked. Since this is a portable version of KeePass, this completes the installation. The folder with the program itself can be placed on any drive other than the system drive (usually drive "C"). Thus, if the system crashes and then reinstalls Windows, the passwords will remain intact.

Russification

We download the Russian translation file for our version of the program in the section, unpack it and drop the file with the “.lngx” extension into the root folder of the program.

Working with KeePass

We start work. By pressing KeePass.exe we launch KeePass. Now we need to activate our installed Russian language module. Go to View->Change language and change the language to Russian.

The program will close and then start again with the Russian interface. The next step is to create a new database file that will store our passwords. Click on the icon with a leaf and in the window that opens, specify the name and location of the file. Choose the name yourself, but you need to place the file in the same folder as the program itself.

After specifying the storage location of the database file, a window will open in which you need to enter a password to access the database.

Think up and enter a password. The longer it is, the more secure the database will be. Find a compromise that is long enough, contains at least letters and numbers, and is easy to remember. Click OK and you will be taken to the next window, in which you do not need to do anything. There are settings in its tabs, but they are quite suitable for the job. After clicking OK, a new database will be created. It already has some data that can be used for work.

Now let's go to the "Tools->Settings" menu.

In the "Advanced" tab, check the box "Automatically save when closing / locking the password database." Now the database itself will be saved when the program is closed. Before creating new records with passwords in the database, let's close the program and, by starting it again, check the entrance to it. At the entrance, a password entry window will appear.

We enter our password. By clicking on the box with three dots we will make the password visible - a very handy thing. Then we click OK and we get into the already fully configured and ready-to-use program with an open database.

By clicking "Cancel" we will also open the program, but without opening the database.

How to add a new username and password to KeePass

Easily. To do this, select the group in which they will be located and add it through the menu "Edit->Add entry".

In our case, the entry will be added to the "General" group.
In the “Add Record” window that opens, we have to work often, so let's look at it in more detail.

There are no special problems when working with it - everything is clear from the names of the fields. In the "Name" field, enter a logical name for the entry. I usually name by site address without using "http" in the name. As a result, the entries are in alphabetical order, which is very convenient. In the "Name" enter your login to enter the site, in the "Password" - the password. In this case, the bar under this field will display the strength of the password. When creating a new entry, the program itself generates a password that can be used. We will enter our own, not forgetting to press the button with three dots when entering it. We repeat the password.

Now we will move on to the "Comments" field. It is optional to fill in, but in practice it is difficult to do without it - there will always be information that can be entered into it. When working with a plastic card, I keep all its details in it - from the number and CVV code, to the secret question, address and passport data. Thus, all data is at hand. Click OK and the entry we created will appear in the "General" section.

Features of working in KeePass

Working in the program is quite convenient. The basis for work is a line with a record. As we can see, it consists of the values of the fields we entered: title, name, link password and comment.

On each of them, by clicking 2 times with the mouse, we will get the result. By clicking on the title, we will open a window for editing the record. Double-clicking on the rest (except for the link field) will copy the contents into memory for 12 seconds, after which the memory will be cleared. Thus, you can not be afraid that an important password will hang in the computer's memory after KeePass is closed.

Let's see what the entrance to the site will look like. We click on the area with the link - the site opens. We click on the area of \u200b\u200bthe line with the name - the login is copied to memory. Go to the site and paste it. Returning to Kipass, click on the area with the password, which will be copied to memory. Going back to the site, insert it into the appropriate field. That's all.

As already mentioned, records are easy to find when they are in alphabetical order. To do this, in the drop-down menu you need to go to "Order" and select "Sort by username".

How to sync KeePass databases

If you have more than one copy of the program, then you need to somehow synchronize the data in them. Not to climb on each record and check it with the record of another copy, right. Fortunately, KeePass makes this procedure very easy. We go to the menu "File->Synchronization->Synchronize with file" and in the window that opens, specify the database file of another instance of the program. By double-clicking on it, or by pressing the "Open" button, we synchronize both databases - after this process, the databases will become the same. In this case, the novelty of the database is determined not by the time of its last update, but by each specific record.

Of course, most of the KeePass settings are not covered in this little workbook. But trust me, the little changes we've made to the default settings are quite good for the job. If you have an irresistible desire to delve into other program settings - to your health. Just remember to make a backup copy of the program by copying its entire folder to a safe place.

Did the article help? Help and you develop the site, publish a link!

KeePass Password Safe is a free open source program (TrueCrypt) that stores your passwords in a secure database, distributed under the GPL license. The utility was created not only for the Windows operating system, but also for Mac OS X, BSD, Linux and other Linux-like systems by Dominik Reichl (in German: Dominik Reichl). KeePass uses Advanced Encryption Standard and Twofish algorithms for secure password encryption their own databases (they are also used by banks). The password manager is a portable program and you can not install it, Russified. Export to such formats as HTML, TXT, CSV and XML is available, and import is possible from many other formats.

Windows version of KeePass: Professional Edition - contains many features and requires the installation of the .NET Framework and Classic Edition - a simpler version.

How to use Keepass

Before you start using the Keepass program, you need to install, configure and Russify the password generator.

Installation. You need to download and unpack the latest version from the official site. We recommend you a portable version with installation on a flash drive.

Russifier. Download the Russian version of the language file program from here and then copy “Russian.lngx” to the root directory of the program. Then you need to run KeePass → View → Change Language → Select Language → and Restart KeePass.

It is also desirable to configure the launch of the program at system startup.

Service → Settings → Integration → Launch KeePass at system startup.

And we will make it always open in a minimized and blocked state:

Tools → Settings → Advanced → Run in minimized and blocked state.

It is very convenient that AutoType (Auto-selection) is present in Kipas by default, by pressing the key combination Ctrl + Alt + A (USERNAME) (TAB) (PASSWORD) (ENTER).

Instructions: how to create a new password database

KeePass will store all passwords in the created database. So, for this you need to create a database -> select "File - New ..." in the main menu or click the left icon on the toolbar. A window will pop up asking you to enter the master password or disk key. Your password database will be encoded with the password you type here. Then press .

You are now in the main window. On the left are password groups, and on the right are entries about passwords.

Now you can store your first password in this password database called KeePass! Right-click in the right window and then select "Add entry ...". The following window will pop up. In it you can edit the entry: enter your own name for it, username, link, password, etc. When you are done, press .

Now you can see your newly created entry in the password list on the right side.

How to use the recording

Now you have created an entry in your password list. What can be done with it?

You have several different options. For example, you can make a copy of a username from an entry in the Windows clipboard. Once you have copied it, you can send it and use it in any other program. Works, and copying passwords.

Plugins

KeePass has such an architecture, extensible functionality by third-party modules, the so-called plugins. The most popular plugins can be downloaded from the KeePass homepage (export or import from various data formats, database backups, automation, password manager integration with browsers, etc. are available). You also need to be aware that plugins can compromise the security of the KeePass program, since they are developed by independent programmer authors and have access to the KeePass database. It encrypts links, logins and notes.

Advantages

Highly high security. In addition to technical details such as the caching and encryption algorithms used, the support for two-factor authentication is also important to us.
The source code is open. There is an opinion of developers and programmers that reliable and good cryptographic software simply cannot be closed. KeePass is an OSI Certified program.
Full cross-platform including all operating systems for mobile devices, with the exception of Symbian and webOS.
What is striking is the free program of this level, power and functionality.
A huge plus is portability. Kipas does not need to be installed, it can easily work from a flash drive, it does not create or store anything in the system.
No installation required by strict instructions. Two download formats are available: installer and zip file. The service has a built-in password generator.

KeePass analogs

KeePassX- a password storage program. It is a cross-platform port of KeePass.

LastPass- completely free, also to store password, created by LastPass. It is developed as a plugin for Google Chrome (Chrome), Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Apple Safari and Opera. There is also a LastPass bookmarklet for other browsers.

RoboForm- for auto-filling various forms on websites. Distributed under a Shareware license.

Keychain(translated from Russian: Keychain) is a function (technology) due to which, in one place on Mac OS X, in an encrypted and reliable form, the user's personal data is stored: logins and passwords. And last Password Safe, iMacros.

One of the key issues of user security on the Internet is the creation of strong passwords. Almost all of us are registered in social networks, and, as a rule, in several at once. We have e-mail, Skype, we use various services (for example, cloud storages such as , etc.), we use electronic money to pay for purchases on the Internet, we are registered on forums. A special category is the owners of websites and blogs. The password to your own site is the first precaution on which not only access to the administration of your resource depends, but also the security of its visitors. I'm sure when you find out how to use KeePass, your site will receive another reliable outpost against potential intruders.

It is clear that manually creating strong passwords for each site or service you use is a rather laborious and fiddly process. However, if you entrust this business to a program, you can not only make your life easier, but also significantly increase the security of your virtual (and sometimes even real) space. And now I want to teach you how to create a strong password in the program KeePass Password Safe.

Download KeePass Password Safe

We will download the latest version of the program from the official website so that there are no misunderstandings in such a sensitive issue as creating passwords. So, go to the KeePass Password Safe download page (the link will open in a new tab), and in the right column with the title Professional Edition click on the first link KeePass 2.20.1 (Installer EXE for Windows)(please note that version 2.20.1 is only relevant at the time of writing this article - for sure, when you download the program, the version will be different). After clicking on the download link, we are transferred to a reliable software storage service sourceforge.net- and after a 5-second wait, a dialog box will appear to save the program installer. Click Save and choose a location on your computer to save.

Don't be afraid of KeePass's native English language - just below you will learn how to teach the program the Great and Mighty 🙂

Downloaded, great. Now run the downloaded file KeePass-X.XX.X-Setup.exe and proceed with the installation.

Installing KeePass Password Safe

There are no features in the KeePass installation that are worth focusing on. I will only clarify that at the stage called Choose additional tasks make sure the option is checked Associate KeePass with files ending in .kdbx(this is the database format in which KeePass stores passwords) and check Create desktop icon to quickly launch the program later by double-clicking on the icon.

At the last step, when you click on the button To complete we will finish the installation, and the program will automatically start (unless, of course, you unchecked the corresponding option at this stage).

Russification KeePass Password Safe

After starting the program, an empty window appears before us, and not every user will easily understand what to do with it next. The picture is further clouded by the English-language interface, which for many will also be the cornerstone for starting to use KeePass for storing passwords. In fact, this is not such a serious problem, and now we will wean the program from bourgeois habits and instill in it a love for the Great and Mighty.

First you need to download crack KeePass from the program website. To do this, go to and scroll down to Russian flag icon with an inscription Russian and click on the link in this line on the right:

KeePass Password Safe Russification File

After that, we will be transferred to the already familiar Sourceforge and after 5 seconds the browser will prompt you to save the archive Russian-2.20.zip to our computer. For convenience, I saved it to Desktop.

Now we need to copy the crack contained in the archive to the folder where you installed KeePass (if you did not change the installation path during the installation process, it will look like this: C:\Program Files\KeePass Password Safe 2).

Open this folder, and double-click to open the newly downloaded archive ( Russian-2.20.zip) and drag the file from it with the mouse English.lngx in KeePass folder:

Copy the Russification file to the program folder

Copied? Great, now all we have to do is tell KeePass the language in which it should communicate with the user. For this in the KeePass Password Safe window on the menu view select item Change language and in the window that appears, click on the line Russian. After clicking, another window will appear with a suggestion (in English) to restart the program to activate the Russian-language interface. Click Yes:

Activation of the Russian-language interface in KeePass

After the reboot, the program will be happy to communicate with us in Russian. Congratulations, you did great!

Creating a password database in KeePass Password Safe

Now we need to create a database where we will securely store our passwords. To do this, in the KeePass window, in the File menu, select the New item. A dialog box appears in front of us, in which it is necessary to select the location for saving the password database file and its name.

I advise you not to name the database with the phrase "My passwords" or something like that. Of course, we will encrypt the database with a special master password, but in any case, you should not openly tell a potential spherical attacker in a vacuum that it is in this file that you store the keys to everything that his unclean little hands would not mind reaching for evil thoughts. Make an additional contribution to your computer security policy in the form of implicit password database names.

Creating a KeePass Password Database

After pressing the button Save a window will appear in front of us in which we need to set Master password for our base. Manual (this is important) enter it in the field Master password and then, again, manually, repeat the entry in the field Password repeat.

Here, too, there are a couple of recommendations: the main password should be quite complex, but at the same time, you should remember it by heart. I advise you to do this: come up with and write down a password in your main notebook (paper) or diary, to which strangers do not have access, and then set it as the Main password for the KeePass database. And take some time to memorize this password - this is important.

Setting the main password for the database

After pressing the button OK before us there is another window with the ability to change the settings for the future base. In principle, you can click on the tabs and change something if you are sure what you are doing, and I will click the button again OK- default settings are usually optimal for most users and should not be changed.

Now the KeePass window finally has a blank for the password database. It already has several groups and even a couple of entries with passwords for example. You can delete something, and something may come in handy on the farm.

What are groups in KeePass for?

As you probably already guessed, groups are needed to sort many passwords into sections. You can, for example, separate passwords used on the Internet from passwords for encrypted archives and protected files on your local computer.

You can create own password groups. To do this, right-click on the name of the database in the left column and select the item in the context menu Add a group. Enter a name and press the key Enter:

Adding a New Password Group to KeePass

Similarly, you can add subgroups to groups to further differentiate different types of passwords. For example, in order to group Internet create subgroups Social networks and Forums, right-click on it and select To create a group.

Creating passwords in KeePass Password Safe

The need to create a new password appears, for example, during registration in an online service. For further exploration of KeePass, let's . If you have already studied my and registered an account in this cloud file storage, then you can simply take further instructions as an example of using KeePass to manage passwords from other services.

So let's move on to . Let's see what we need in order to register:

Fields to fill out when registering with Dropbox

So, there are four main fields:

Surname
Email
Password

To log into our account in the future, we will need to fill out two fields: Email and Password. So let's open our password database and create a new one record for Dropbox with email address as login and password.

So in the group Internet I created a subgroup Vaults(You already know how to do this, right?). Now we click on this subgroup to select it and create a new entry using the button Adding an entry:

Adding a New Entry to KeePass

So, a window for creating a new record appears in front of us, where we need to fill in several fields. fields Password and Repeat already filled with an automatically generated password. If you wish, you can view it by clicking on the button marked in the picture below with a green rectangle, and in the meantime I will fill in the missing fields:

Entering data for a new record

Name: any, understandable to you, I called by the name of the service.
Name: your login on the resource. In this case, I entered an email address here, since it acts as a login on Dropbox.
Password: by default it is already generated and duplicated. However, you can delete it by clicking on the button with three dots to the right of the field and enter your own. Just make sure the password is strong.
Password repeat: if you chose to enter your own password in the previous field, you will have to repeat the entry here again.
Quality: password strength indicator. Ideally, the strip should end in green, the stronger the password, the more the field is filled.
Link: Optional field to insert the address of the resource. Filling out is optional.
Comments: here you can write at least a small novel)) But it is better to write down any data related to the account. In this example, I wrote down the field values first name and last name, which must be filled out when registering for Dropbox (maybe it will come in handy in the future). Filling out is optional.

Also a few points about the automatically generated password. By default, a password is created with a length of 20 characters, containing uppercase and lowercase Latin letters, as well as numbers. This is already a very serious level of password security, but the trouble is that not all services allow you to set a password of this length.

So let's create a special profile to generate a password, say 12 characters long. To do this, click on button with key opposite the field Repeat and select from the dropdown list Open password generator(see picture above).

Now in the dialog box that opens, set the length in 12 characters, click on the button Save current settings as a profile, set a name for the profile in the pop-up window (I called it: “12 characters”) and press the button OK. Then again the button OK in the window Password generator:

Now, when creating a new entry, we only need select the desired profile for the password. Let's set a 12-character password for the entry we're creating now with a few mouse clicks.

So, after saving the new password profile, we are left with the entry editing window (if this is not the case, open it again by double-clicking). And all we need now to set a 12-character password is to click again on the button Password generation(opposite the field Repeat), but this time select the item Generate using profile and in the drop-down list, click on the profile we just created:

Create a password using a profile

Ready! Now you can make profiles for different occasions - with different character lengths, with additional characters to strengthen the strength of the password. Do not forget only that it is important to first make sure that the service or program for which you are making a password supports it in all respects.

How to use KeePass - Copying login and password manually

The login and password prepared in this way can be copied automatically, but first, let's figure out how to do it manually (this is also sometimes necessary). So, after creating an entry, we can see it in the list in the group Vaults:

Ready entry with username and password

Pay attention to the buttons highlighted in red. The first is a button Copy name to clipboard. As its name implies, when you click on it, the login from the selected entry in the list will be copied to the clipboard. In this example, the email address will be copied, since it was I who set it as a login. The second button is called Copy password to clipboard. I don't think I need to explain what she does.

When using these buttons data is copied to the clipboard for a few seconds(default is 12). After this time the clipboard will be cleared. Thus, you can not worry that by copying the password and moving away from the computer, you will allow someone in your absence to paste the contents of the clipboard, say, into a notepad, and find out your password.

So, using this method, let's finally create a Dropbox account. fields first name and last nam e I filled in manually, for Email- copied the login as described above and pasted it into the field, for the field Password- copied and pasted the password. By the way, notice how happy Dropbox is with the password: the strength indicator below the password field on the sign up form is now completely green - another proof that KeePass makes great passwords!

To complete the registration, it remains only to check the box I agree to Dropbox Terms and click the big blue button sign up:

Completed Dropbox registration form

By the way, right after that, we will be redirected to the Dropbox application download page for installation on a computer. Decide for yourself, but I have been using for a long time

How to use KeePass - Automatic login and password insertion

One of the coolest features for a KeePass user is automatic completion authorization forms. More precisely, semi-automatic - we only need to select the desired entry and press a key combination. In order to demonstrate this example, I suggest sign out of dropbox for a while. To do this, in the upper right corner of the page, click on link with your first and last name and select from the dropdown list sign out:

Sign out of Dropbox

Automatic form completion with KeePass

This is how KeePass securely authorized us to Dropbox. A little tip: before you give the order to fill out the form, check that all the necessary checkboxes under it are checked. In the example above, the option remember me(“remember me”) is checked by default, but this is not the case on all sites - in this case, check the necessary options in advance.

And finally...

Of course, the use KeePass Password Safe for authorization on sites - not the most convenient way, although there is nothing complicated in it. It is much easier to use the built-in tools of browsers to automatically fill out forms. However, to create strong passwords, you will either have to use online generators, or practice creating complex passwords using active gyrus massage)) And if the browser loses the password generated on a third-party resource, and you don’t write it down anywhere, then you will have unnecessary problems with account recovery.

Learning to use such a wonderful password manager, how KeePass, you get at your disposal a reliable guardian and assistant in the field of security. And if until now you have used a plain text file and Windows Notepad for this purpose - stop this most dangerous practice as soon as possible! With the penetration of the Internet into many areas of our lives you endanger not only yourself, but also other users.

If you have any questions or something remains unclear - write about it in the comments, I will try to answer as quickly as possible. I would also like to know what tools you use to organize passwords.

Hello, dear readers of the blog site. Not so long ago, I wrote about my problem with , who got there by stealing passwords from my favorite FTP manager Filezila.

The program itself is not very bad, but the authorization data entered in it is stored in clear text - I don’t want to take it. And in browsers, not everything is so cloudless with the storage of data entered into them. In this regard, I took care to find a way to solve the problem. secure storage of passwords.

Probably many of you are already using some kind of password manager. But I just now bothered to look for such a softina and my choice fell on KeePass. This program has a built-in generator of complex combinations, stores them in an encrypted database, and quite conveniently allows you to insert them into browsers, FTP managers and other software.

In addition, Kipas is free and has an open source code, which allows you to believe in the reliability of storing your confidential data in this particular program (any person versed in programming could have brought it to clean water since 2003, however, since this did not happen, then You can trust this software 100%.

Installing and configuring the KeePass password manager

In the field of data encryption, open source is more of a plus than a minus (TrueCrypt, which I wrote about in an article about, is proof of this). Of course, this program has a lot of paid and free analogues, which some of you probably use in your daily practice, but due to the combination of factors, KeePass is what I liked the most at the moment.

Among other things, third-party developers release plug-ins for it, which, for example, can integrate this manager with popular browsers to improve security and convenience of storing passwords in them. Although, in Kipas, by default, there is such a tool as Auto-selection (AutoType).

Those. you just put the cursor in the first line of the authorization form on the site or any program, and then press the key combination Ctrl + Alt + A, and if you are concerned about creating a profile in KeePass for this page or software, then the form will be successfully filled with a login and a password, and the entered data will not remain in or in any other places accessible to malware.

Of course, no one guarantees absolute reliability, but by setting up this password manager, you can minimize the risk of interception and theft of important data. For example, the copied data lives in the clipboard for the number of seconds you specified, the program can close access to its database (turn on the lock) after a certain time and after certain actions.

In general, let's talk about the advantages and disadvantages of this generator and custodian of important data along the way. Download KeePass is completely free on this page, but you will immediately have to choose between a simplified version 1..., which does not require Microsoft.NET (or Mono in free software) to work, and version 2..., which needs this framework, but its functionality is much wider, and it can work not only under Windows, but also under Linux, Mac OS X, BSD and other Linux-like systems. See more.

By the way, the full name of this password keeper sounds like KeePass Password Safe, and in addition to the division into versions described just above, it also has a division according to the type of installation of the program: regular and portable ( Portable Kipas).

The second option, in my opinion, is preferable, because it does not have any drawbacks compared to the full version, does not leave any traces behind itself in the operating system and can safely live on a flash drive (it would be desirable to periodically duplicate it in order to avoid losing everything at once).

Actually, I use the portable version. For Russification or Ukrainianization of the interface of this password generator, it will be enough to download the translation file for the version you are using from this page and copy it to the folder with the program (in the case of the Portable version). Then go into it and go from the top menu along the path: "View" - "Change Language". In the window that opens, select your language, Kipas will reboot and the desired language will be applied to the interface.

Where to start? FROM creating a new base. You can create an unlimited number of them, for example, when several people work on the computer and each will have their own set of complex passwords generated in KeePass, to which no other user will have access. In most cases, you can get by with one base, because it will be difficult to remember several master keys from them.

To do this, click on an empty sheet on the toolbar of this manager (or select from the menu "File" - "New"):

If you have a portable version, then it makes sense to save the database to the folder with the program (on a USB flash drive). If the version of the manager is full or you copied Portable to drive C, then in no case throw the file with the base there, because if it fails or is restored from the image, it can rest in the Bose along with all the priceless passwords.

It can be placed, for example, in, so that you always have the opportunity to pull a copy from the Internet. You should not be afraid for its safety, because the data in it is encrypted in a very reliable way.

In the next step, you will be asked how secure access to stored passwords should be. This will be expressed in how many stages of authorization you choose in the composite key window to access the database:

Access to the encrypted database in Kipas can be closed with as many as three barriers:

Master key to enter the manager (you will have to remember it or write it down, because without it ...)
Key file - choose, for example, on your computer, or better a flash drive, some inconspicuous file (best of all among a bunch of similar ones) and say that it will now be the key one. It can also be created on purpose. But be sure to copy it to a few more places (another flash drive, a hard drive (but not on C) or to cloud storage like Yandex Disk or Dropbox, because if it is lost ...)

You can even link this password storage program to your Windows account, although if you use the portable version of KeePass on a flash drive, this will be superfluous, because you will not open this password manager on another computer (you will not get access to the encrypted database). If you plan to work from only one computer, then linking to an account will further increase the security of the databases.

But remember that adding any new device will change that very account and there will be problems. Anyway, that's how it was for me after replacing the motherboard. So be careful with this option.

Next, you will be prompted to change some database settings. You can, for example, increase the strength of the encryption method used by increasing the number of cycles (passes), but this will somewhat (not significantly) slow down its opening and saving data into it:

It will be possible to enable or disable databases to reduce the size it occupies, as well as decide whether or not to use the “Basket” built into this manager, where deleted profiles will fall.

On the “Advanced” tab, you can ask the program to remind you of the need to change the master key after a certain number of days (if paranoia has already covered and you have started setting up the password manager, then periodically changing the key will not seem superfluous).

At the end of this process, you will be taken to the tab with your newly created database for passwords and logins (they are located on the horizontal strip of tabs), where you will find folders and profile examples carefully created for you by the KeePass keeper:

You are free to remove all this demo wealth in order to build your well-thought-out hierarchical tree from scratch in this generator and keeper. Well, I told you the most difficult part, and then you yourself ... It's clear that I'm joking, because there is still a lot of text below. I will try to tell in all the details about what I still managed to figure out.

Password generator and keeper with their convenient insertion

My main task it was to set up the most secure work with the FileZilla FTP manager, as well as convenient and secure storage of passwords from money programs (, for example) and money sites (, or no less popular or). Well, there are also a lot of sites, the passwords of which should not be known to attackers.

There is also the problem of hacking mail, where letters with passwords and logins to all this wealth are often stored, but, firstly, I focus on my own, more or less important, because there is a link to my computer and using SMS sent to my cell . Secondly, I periodically delete all mail from there in order to avoid ...

I’ll make a reservation right away - why start this whole circus with creating complex passwords and storing them in encrypted form. After all, there are password managers in the same FTP clients, and browsers are not offended by such tools. Waste of time? Not at all. Do you have Filezilla on your computer? And now go along this path:

C:\Users\[account name]\AppData\Roaming\FileZilla\sitemanager.xml

Or this in the case of old XP:

C:\Documents and Settings\[account name]\Application Data\FileZilla\sitemanager.xml

This file can be opened, for example, in my favorite . And what do we have? And we have a complete set of passwords saved in this program, which absolutely not protected from theft, because the file is not encrypted, and its location is the same for 99.99% of computers.

And a little earlier I scolded my beloved for this. Take it - I don't want to.

Think browsers are better? Well, maybe a little, but if you type queries in the search how to find password in opera, then you will probably get an answer that they are stored in the wand.dat file, which is not difficult to find in the directory c:\Users\account name\AppData\Roaming\Opera\ .

Well, the freely distributed Unwand program will help to open its contents. As a result, you will get a list that you can copy everything into the same Notepad ++, and use the built-in search to find all the passwords you are interested in.

He himself used this opportunity more than once to search for a password and login that was not recorded anywhere, but remembered. I can’t speak for other browsers (it’s possible that passwords are encrypted somewhere and this is done securely), but most likely the situation is not very optimistic. Therefore, I decided to remove all important profiles from the managers built into browsers, transferring them first to KeePass.

In general, something like convenient and secure storage and generation of passwords I managed to organize. I didn’t manage to figure out something, but here I hope for you - suddenly someone knows English well and understood the essence that I didn’t understand.

So, first you need to think over the structure of the hierarchical tree in Kipas. New subfolders are created using the context menu of the parent folder:

Although, you can then use the mouse to drag folders into other directories as you like. After creating the structure, you can start creating profiles in this manager. To do this, there is a special shortcut on the KeePass toolbar.

Go to the desired folder in the left panel, and then click on this shortcut with the key, or in the right panel from the context menu, select the "Add Entry" item:

A window will open with a number of tabs. The main fields to fill in are on the first tab:

In most cases, the “Name” field must be filled in with the name of this password profile, but sometimes not (more on that later). In the "Name" field, enter the login, and in the next two - the password. If you are filling out a Kipas profile for an existing account, then password generator you will not need it, but if you are registering on any site or program at the same time, then you will simply have to create a complex and hack-resistant code.

For this purpose, in Kipas there is a tool for auto-generation of passwords for a new account (its complexity can be assessed in the “Quality” line), which can be configured using a button with a key and a gear called “Password Generation”, which you will find at the end of the “Repeat” line.

The same tool to create passwords of any complexity will be available to you from the top menu of the manager: "Service" - "Generator":

As you can see from the screenshot, you are free to set the length of the generated password in characters, as well as very finely tune which of the possible characters will be involved in the generation. Approximate options for the generated codes can be seen on the "View" tab.

The tool is quite powerful and passwords can be created over complex, but you still won’t need to memorize them, and you won’t even have to type them on the keyboard - the smart KeePass manager will do everything for you, and thanks for that.

To ensure that all the settings you make here are always applied to the automatically generated passwords of the new profile, just click on the blue floppy disk at the end of the "Profile" line and select the option to save "Autogenerated passwords for new entries".

Close the generator settings window and fill in the remaining fields "Link" and "Comments". For sites, filling them out will be prosaic, but for programs, for convenience, you will need to insert the path to the executable file of this software into the "Link" field (for example, cmd://"C:\Program Files\FileZilla FTP Client\filezilla.exe" ), and in the comments there is information about it (see the example with Faylzila a little lower in the text). All? An, no.

The most interesting thing about the Kipas manager is that the passwords entered into it can be automatically inserted using the Ctrl + Alt + A hot keys already mentioned a little above (well, or, more difficultly, Ctrl + U and Ctrl + V). However, in order for all this splendor to work, you will now need to spend a little time setting it up, so immediately in the new task window, go to the tab "Autodial":

What kind of animal? This thing allows you to explain to the program exactly where to insert the login and password on the required page of the site or the program window. Imagine that you put the mouse cursor in the initial field of the authorization form, which in most cases will consist of two fields for entering a login and a password, respectively. Then press Ctrl+Alt+A and these fields are automatically filled in by KeePass. But in fact it obeys the rule:

(USERNAME)(TAB)(PASSWORD)(ENTER)

This means the following. The contents of the “Name” line are entered in the first field, then pressing the “Tab” key on the keyboard is simulated, which provokes a transition to the next field of the authorization form, where the password is inserted, and then pressing Enter on the keyboard is simulated. As a result, you successfully enter the site or program. Shaitanama.

This is a standard combination that will work on most sites, but not all. I once wrote where I mentioned the popular Direct / Advert service. The teaser is wonderful, but now it’s not about that, but about a certain non-standard form for entering this site:

Why is she unusual? This is shown with an arrow in the screenshot. When using the standard combination, only the login will be entered, because. the second field is a link to request a new password. The site will not be logged in, and an email will be sent to your inbox asking you to change your password. What to do?

Create your profile in Kipas for this site by checking the box on the previous screenshot in the field “Use the following sequence” and change it a bit:

(USERNAME)(TAB)(TAB)(PASSWORD)(ENTER)

After pressing AutoType keys (Ctrl+Alt+A) nothing may happen, because the KeePass manager will not find a match between the page opened in your browser and the profile that was created for it. What to do? Teach him, of course.

To do this, we look again at the previous screenshot and see the button there. "Add" in the middle of the autodial settings window. Click on it a little later, but first open in your browser the page where the login form is located or open the application (for example, filezilla) that will be the receiver of the autodial fields. Opened?

Well, now go to Kipas and click on "Add":

From the "Target window" drop-down list, select the application you need (for example, the Opera browser with the authorization page on the Direct/Advert site open in it), and then click on OK.

By the way, in the same window, you can use a more extended set of operants to fine-tune the behavior of the KeePass autotype bot in the specified program, but this is already for inquisitive minds (there is a link to the Auto-Type help, but it is in English).

Now, on the autodial settings tab in the password manager, the corresponding line will appear, which will rigidly link the site page with the authorization form (or application) to the password profile you created in Kipas:

All. Click OK. Go to the website page with the authorization form, put the cursor in the first field and use cherished combination of three fingers(Ctrl+Alt+A). Happened? So that's great. I'm very happy for you.

How to use KeePass with Filezilla

Great, but now let's get back to where I started all this - the possibility of safe and convenient work with sites via FTP through . As we saw a little higher, the password manager built into it is no good in terms of security.

Therefore, we open the Kipas program, create an FTP folder in its left column and create the first profile to enter one of our sites using the FTP protocol.

There are several nuances in its filling. In the first field, we enter the address of your hoster's FTP server, then we enter the login and password given to you to access the site via the file protocol, but in the "Link" field we insert the command to open Filezilla, which is quite convenient.

For normal Windows it will be:

Cmd://"C:\Program Files\FileZilla FTP Client\filezilla.exe"

And for 64-bit:

Cmd://"C:\Program Files (x86)\FileZilla FTP Client\filezilla.exe"

In the comment field, it would be best to write the name of this compound, because the FTP server address may be uninformative. Next, open the filezilla and, without entering any passwords into it, go to the KeePass program’s “Autodial” tab to link this profile to our FTP manager:

As shown a little higher in the text, click the "Add" button, select FileZilla's "Target Window" from the drop-down list (it should be open at this moment and there should be nothing in the authorization fields), and then click OK.

The checkbox in the screenshot is in the "Inherit autodial from group" field, because I registered the necessary operants for the entire group (FTP folder) by selecting the "Change group" item from its context menu and going to the "Autotype" tab:

You are free to rearrange the checkbox in the “Use the following sequence” field and for each FTP connection enter a set of operants in the field located just below:

(TITLE)(TAB)(USERNAME)(TAB)(PASSWORD)(ENTER)

It doesn't change the essence. Now, to check, open FileZilla, put the cursor in the first line of the authorization field and press the three magic keys (Ctrl + Alt + A):

If you create several password profiles for different FTP connections using the algorithm described just above, then when you press the magic keys, you will be asked where you still want to enter (the same will be true for sites where you have several accounts):

Can use another login algorithm. Open your program for storing passwords (kipas), go to the FTP folder, click once on the line with the desired FTP account and press Ctrl+U on keyboard.

The focus is transferred to the Filezilla program that opens at the same time (that's why the link cmd://"C:\Program Files\FileZilla FTP Client\filezilla.exe" was added), but without going anywhere else you return to KeePass and press the key combination ctrl+v. As a result, the authorization fields in FileZilla will be filled in automatically and you will get access to your site. Which method of automatic password entry is more convenient is up to you.

And finally, you can simply copy the login and password to the clipboard by double-clicking on them in turn in the Kipas window (in the name and password columns). Double-clicking on the entry names will open its editing window, and double-clicking in the "Link" column will activate the transition through it.

How long passwords are stored on the clipboard is set in the settings (Tools - Settings - Security - Buffer auto-clearing) and is equal to 12 seconds by default.

So, and a couple more steps that will allow remove all traces of passwords entered into FileZilla from KeePass. The fact is that this FTP manager keeps the history of the entered passwords for some more time and a certain amount. To eliminate this incident, you will have to do a number of simple manipulations.

First, delete the sitemanager.xml already mentioned above (see above for its storage folder). Secondly, you will need to slightly change the settings of the program.

To do this, find the fzdefaults.xml.example file in the c:\Program Files (x86)\FileZilla FTP Client\docs\ directory and rename it, deleting the fzdefaults.xml ending. Transfer this file to the folder with Filezilla (c:\Program Files (x86)\FileZilla FTP Client) and, having opened it for editing in Notepad++, delete all its contents, replacing it with this:

Save the changes, then go to the C:\Users\[account name]\AppData\Roaming\FileZilla\ folder and delete the recentservers.xml and filezilla.xml files there. That's it, your FileZilla will no longer tell anyone what passwords were entered into it automatically from the KeePass manager. Which is what needed to be done.

More about KeePass

During its long existence, this program has acquired the richest functionality, about which you can write a small book. There are many possibilities, but not all of them are obvious. In addition to the built-in functionality, there is expandable by installing plugins, which can be downloaded from the official page.

Plugins are installed by simply copying to the program directory and then restarting it. The mentioned Favicon Downloader adds the “Download Favicon” item to the context menu, by clicking on which favicons will be downloaded from the Internet for those sites whose passwords you store in this program. As a result, the visibility of working with it is greatly increased.

There is a whole galaxy of plug-ins that work in tandem with the corresponding extensions in the browser, allowing, as I understand it, to raise the level of interaction between these programs to a qualitatively higher level. However, in practice, I still do not understand why this is all necessary. If anyone is in the know, then please describe the benefits and principles of using these extensions in browsers. Thank you.

Yes, there are still plenty programs for mobile phones and tablets who can use the KeePass password database that you shared via DropBox or Google Drive. For my beloved iPad, such a program is called KyPass.

In Kipas settings you can activate its launch along with the start of Windows. To do this, select "Service" - "Settings" from the top menu and go to the "Integration" tab:

There you can also change the keyboard shortcuts for autodialing and calling the manager window. On the tab "Additionally" you can make more than a dozen settings, including ticking the "Run minimized and locked" box, which can be useful:

In addition, KeePass has the ability to create your own filters for events and assign actions to them. This is done in the menu "Service" - "Triggers" (?). If you have ever set up filters in your mail program, you will easily figure out what's what. However, I will give an example. Let's say that we want to automatically save newly entered or changed passwords into the database.

To do this, select "Service" - "Triggers" from the top menu of the program, and in the window that opens, click on the "Add" button:

Now you will need to give a name to the rule and then go through the Events, Conditions and Actions tabs one by one. On each of these tabs, click on the "Add" button and select the following options from the drop-down list (then click on OK), if you want, so that the database is saved automatically.

For Events, the user interface state has been updated, for Conditions, the Current database contains unsaved changes, and for Actions, Save the current password database. Now save all this by clicking on the "Finish" button and enjoy the result. For sim, let me take a bow.

Good luck to you! See you soon on the blog pages site

Just about the complex. Programs. Iron. Internet. Windows