Recently, a new version of Debian 8 Jessie has been released. This is a fairly popular distribution at the moment, I myself often use it for various purposes. I have an opportunity . We'll do a clean install.
We will install the 64-bit version of Debian 8 Jessie from a minimal image called debian-8.0.0-amd64-netinst. You can get it from the debian.org site. For a successful installation, the server will need Internet access during the installation process. We insert the disk into the system and boot from it. We are greeted by a boot menu with various options:
- Install
- Graphical install
- advanced options
- Install with speech synthesis
The first option is installation using a text installer, the second is a graphical one. We will install using the graphical installer. But if for some reason the graphical installer does not start for you, it happens, then try installing in text mode.
Specify the location:
Choose a keyboard layout. Personally, I prefer when I have the default English layout. It's more comfortable for me. If you prefer to work with Russian, choose Russian:
Next comes connecting the disk and downloading the components for installation, then automatically configuring the network via dhcp, if possible. I have a dhcp server on the network, so at this stage I do not need to specify network settings. You have to wait some time. Then specify the server name:
As a domain in the local network, you can specify anything at your discretion. If the debian server will serve services located on the Internet, specify the real Internet domain. This is a test server for me, so I specify the local domain:
At the next stage of the installation, specify the root superuser password:
Add a regular user to the installed system and specify a password for it:
Specify your time zone:
Next, the disk initialization process begins. We wait a few seconds and see the disk partitioning menu. I choose the first option. If you do not understand what is at stake, then also choose the first one. If you know what LVM is and you really need it, choose the second option. If someone wants to partition a disk manually, then he no longer needs advice, he himself must understand what and why he is doing.
Specify the disk on which we will install Debian. If you have only one, then there is nothing to choose from, and we indicate it:
Now you need to specify the partitioning of the disk. In general, the first option with one section will do. I myself have not bothered lately and use one partition for the system. Depending on the number of disks and the functionality that the server will serve, the breakdown may be different. If you do not understand how and why you need to partition a disk, then do not bother. When you need it, then you will think about how to partition disks. For example, if you need to encrypt a section, or use a drbd mirror, then you will need to use a separate section for these purposes.
Check the settings and click "Finish markup and write changes to disk":
Confirm the markup and select "Yes". After that, all data on the disk will be destroyed and it will be re-partitioned under our new system:
After completing the basic installation, you need to select the nearest mirror from which packages will be downloaded by default:
Then comes the proxy setup. If you do not have it, then just skip the paragraph, as I did.
It starts configuring and updating the apt package manager, and then installing the basic set of software. At the end, you will be asked to send anonymous statistics about the use of Debian 8. I usually refuse such offers:
Base system installation box, you can specify additional packages to install. I need an ssh server for remote administration. I specify it and the standard system utilities:
After clicking Continue, the system will reboot.
In the reboot field, you can log in as root and check if everything is in order. Let's do it. Log in locally as root and check the version:
# uname -a Linux debian-8 3.16.0-4-amd64 #1 SMP Debian 3.16.7-ckt9-3~ deb8u1(2015-04-24) x86_64 GNU/Linux
I’ll add, just in case, that by default you won’t be able to log in remotely via ssh as a root. You need to use a different account that you specified during installation. And already from under it, using the su commands, log in as root.
This completes the installation, you can proceed to.
Linux online course
If you have a desire to learn how to build and maintain highly available and reliable systems, I recommend getting acquainted with online course "Linux Administrator" in OTUS. The course is not for beginners, for admission you need basic knowledge of networks and installing Linux on a virtual machine. The training lasts 5 months, after which successful graduates of the course will be able to be interviewed by partners. What this course will give you:- Knowledge of Linux architecture.
- Mastering modern methods and tools for data analysis and processing.
- Ability to select a configuration for the necessary tasks, manage processes and ensure system security.
- Proficiency in the basic working tools of a system administrator.
- Understanding the deployment, configuration, and maintenance of Linux-based networks.
- The ability to quickly resolve emerging problems and ensure stable and uninterrupted operation of the system.
"How to install Debian without knowledge and experience" is a fairly common question I hear. Although I do not consider myself an expert in this field, I still have accumulated some instructions for myself that allow me to quickly install or configure this or that application or operating system.
In this article, as in the rest of the articles on my blog, an installation example will be shown with screenshots and a detailed description of what happens and why it is needed. Even the topic of LVM will be touched upon. The instructions are quite long and boring. More suitable for those who are faced with installing Linux for the first time and want to find answers to most of their questions in one place without googling all day. Although, given the volume of the instructions, you will have to spend a whole day on it :) It's a joke. In fact, within an hour you will have your own Debian server that you created and configured yourself!
The presentation of the material in this manual is also peculiar: if a topic is touched upon during installation, then, if possible, brief background information and some actions that can be performed already on the installed system will be given on this topic.
Disclamer
Let me remind you. I am not a professional in this matter. My instructions may contain a huge number of inaccuracies and errors that professionals will notice. If you are one of them, please let me know what I have indicated incorrectly or forgot to indicate - I will be happy to correct it.
Introduction
We will install Debian in order to explore a new operating system for us and its capabilities, or to deploy a full-fledged WEB server, database server, or whatever your heart desires. We will not install a graphical shell, since there is no need for it on the server.
I didn't have a free physical machine to do a full installation with screenshots, so I used a virtual machine for this purpose. In this regard, the article will describe a "clean" installation on a new blank virtual hard disk.
Distribution download
The current version at the time of writing (March 2017) is Debian 8 codenamed Jessie.
There are three main ways to install Debian (download links will be provided below):
. This is convenient if the future server does not yet have Internet access to download components over the network. Choosing this method, it is enough to download the image of the first CD or DVD, which contains the operating system itself and the most necessary software components. The CD image file size is approximately 650 MB.There is another way - self-assembly of the distribution. But we will not consider this method, as it deserves a separate large article.
Images for the first two installation options can be downloaded at:
If needed CD or netinstall ftp.ua.debian.org/debian-cd/current/amd64/iso-cd/ and download the required image, for example, CD #1: debian-8-amd64-cd-1.iso or net install: debian-8-amd64-netinst.iso.
If needed DVD go to the FTP server at: ftp.ua.debian.org/debian-cd/current/amd64/iso-dvd/ and download DVD #1: debian-8-amd64-DVD-1.iso.
Image minidisk can be downloaded at: ftp.ua.debian.org/debian/dists/jessie/main/installer-amd64/current/images/netboot/mini.iso . Note that this bootable mini image installs the latest version of the Debian branch Jessie, while the previous links lead to the images directory of the most recent version of Debian, without being tied to a branch.
For more information, you can refer to the official guide: downloading images for installation via the Internet.
Burning the distribution to media
After the image file is loaded, it must be written to media. It's easiest to use CD-R or DVD-R discs if you still have the drives to burn them. But the most expected way is to write the image to USB flash drive, with which the installation will then be carried out.
For the record, I'm using a utility that can be downloaded for free from http://unetbootin.github.io/. Please note that the flash drive will be automatically formatted! That is, all data from it will be deleted. warned.
Burn the image by selecting the following options, specifying the image file, and clicking OK:
Installing Debian
Connect the USB stick to the server and turn it on. Call the BIOS boot menu (Boot menu) and select boot from USB device, which should appear in this list. After that, the bootloader will be loaded from the USB flash drive and you will see the following welcome screen:
If so, then let me congratulate you! The first stage has been completed. You downloaded and burned the installation image to media and were even able to boot from it. Let's move on - click Install.
Interactive Configuration
Locale
Next, you will be prompted interactively to select the installer language and location. These two options determine the base locale of the system being installed. For example, if the language is Russian and the country is Ukraine, then in the end the selected locale (and encoding) will look like this: en_UA.UTF-8.
The locale directly determines the language of the system and the regional features of this language. This may affect the display of time, currencies, calendar (first day of the week), alphabetical sorting, etc.
The encoding determines how UNICODE characters will be encoded. Debian defaults to UTF-8.
It is recommended to choose the most correct locale initially. In the future, the primary locale can be changed, and any number of additional locales can be added, for example, to support different languages in applications that will run on this server.
During installation, the choice of language and region is as follows
If you need to change the locale after installation, you can use the following tools:
Run the locale command to find out which locale is set by default on the system. To see all the locales installed on the system, run locale -a .
To add new locales to the system and/or change the default locale, run the command sudo dpkg-reconfigure locales - You will be prompted to select the locales to install and then which locale to set as default.
There is another way to add the required locale. Edit the /etc/locale.gen file, uncommenting the lines with the required locales, and then run the sudo locale-gen command.
Keyboard customization
The next step is to customize the keyboard. Select which keyboard layout you need and on the next screen select a keyboard shortcut to switch between the selected and standard Latin layouts.
During installation, these dialog boxes look like this:
Since almost all subsequent work with the server in the future will take place via SSH, it is unlikely that you will need to change the keyboard settings after installing the operating system. But, if suddenly such a need arises, then run the commands sudo dpkg-reconfigure keyboard-configuration and then sudo service keyboard-setup restart . More information on this topic is available on the wiki.
Network configuration
The next step is to set up the network. First, the configuration component will try to obtain network settings automatically via DHCP. If there is no DHCP server on the network to which the server is connected, click Cancel - you will be prompted to configure the network interface manually through an interactive dialog in which you will need to enter the IP address, subnet mask, gateway address and DNS name server addresses.
During operation of the operating system, you will probably need to change the network settings.
Network interface settings are stored in the /etc/network/interfaces file.
After editing it, don't forget to restart the networking stack with the /etc/init.d/networking restart command. Be careful, if you do this remotely, you may lose connection with the server.
If you need to change your DNS settings, simply edit the /etc/resolv.conf file to add the following format lines:
Nameserver 8.8.8.8 nameserver 8.8.4.4
The hostname and domain name can later be changed with the hostname newname.newdomain command. To have the hostname set at boot, change it in the /etc/hostname file (write the hostname without the domain). Don't forget to edit the /etc/hosts file to include the new hostname with and without a domain.
Choosing a Debian Archive Mirror
Next, you need to specify the country in which your server is located to display a list of available mirrors. You will need to select a Debian archive mirror server from which all files will be downloaded.
It is recommended to use ftp.<код страны>.debian.org- we'll do that. In most cases, this is the best choice. The next screen will prompt you to set up a proxy server if your network uses a proxy to access the Internet. If not used, just select Continue. The download of additional components will begin.
user accounts
After downloading the components, you will be prompted to set a password for the root superuser - you will need to enter it twice. You can leave the root password blank - in this case, a regular user will be able to get superuser rights through sudo , whose account will be created next. How to proceed to you - depends on the server administration mode. If you are the only administrator and the server is available only to you, then you may not need a separate password for root. If there are many users on the server, it is advisable to close the root superuser account with a separate password.
Next, you will be prompted to create a regular user. First enter the user's full name, then his system username (username) and password. After that, some more components will be loaded.
When working in the operating system, to increase the rights of ordinary users, use sudo. This is a special tool that allows you to perform part of the operations or all possible operations on behalf of another user (by default, as root).
In order for a simple user on the system to execute a command with elevation (that is, with superuser rights), he must insert sudo before the command. For example: sudo apt-get update . The user will be prompted to re-enter their password before the command is executed directly. If you do not need this level of security with additional password entry, you can turn off the password request in the /etc/sudoers configuration file.
Not every user can use sudo elevation. Which users and how exactly have the right to use sudo is specified in the file /etc/sudoers. In this file, you can specify the rights and privileges both for each user and for a group of users (the percent symbol is indicated before the group name). For example, to allow unconditional use of sudo by all users on the system who are members of the user group called sudo, add (or modify) the following entry to /etc/sudoers:
%sudo ALL=(ALL:ALL) ALL
If you want to disable the additional password prompt, then change the entry as follows:
%sudo ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD:ALL
Now all users of the system that are members of the sudo user group will be allowed to perform actions on behalf of other users without additionally entering their password.
To add an existing user named vasya to the group sudo, just run sudo usermod -a -G sudo vasya .
Disk partitioning
This topic is quite extensive and goes far beyond the scope of this article. In this article, two ways of partitioning a disk will be touched upon.
The first one is a simple way to automatically partition a hard drive, which is quite enough for the first installation to familiarize yourself with the system and may be enough for some simple purposes of using the server.
The second is the "complex" way using the Logical Volume Manager (LVM) and manually creating partitions. This method is more preferable, as it allows you to change the physical structure in the future.
Select the "Auto - use the entire disk" mode, after which you will be prompted to select a disk and then select a partition layout on it. You can choose any of the proposed schemes - everything will be done automatically by the installer. The screenshots show the markup that uses a single root partition (the swap partition will be created automatically). A FAT32 partition table will be created on the disk. (Unlike FreeBSD, which uses the modern GPT partition table, which allows you to create a sufficiently large number of partitions and easily manage their size).
Use this method, unless there is no point in the normal proper organization of the file system (your first installation of Debian for the purpose of "feel").
Manual disk partitioning using LVM
The topic of LVM is very broad. To study it in more detail, refer to this article. Here I will try to give a very brief description and explain why I recommend using LVM on the server.
It's easiest to start with a normal layout, without using LVM, which was described in the previous paragraph. In the usual markup, partitions are created on the media itself (physical device), on each of which file systems are created. This is convenient in simple cases, as it does not require any complex knowledge. Everything in general is the same as in other operating systems: there is a disk, it has partitions that contain file systems. These partitions are mounted in the operating system at mount points. On unix systems, these are directories; on microsoft systems, these are drive letters. Everything is simple and clear. However, given that we have a server, we must ensure that it works as reliably as possible. If the disk runs out of free space, we must be able to somehow expand it using an additional hard disk, or, when using virtual storage devices, expand the volume of the device itself and be able to resize the file system partitions. It is enough to do this and much more with the usual organization of partitions (FAT32).
In LVM, not hard disks are used to organize partitions (more precisely, not the physical devices themselves), but virtual ones. volume groups. sections, or logical volumes, are created not on a physical disk, but inside volume groups. herself volume group is an abstract concept. AT volume group includes physical devices or physical volumes. Thus, it is possible to change the configuration volume groups by adding to it new physical volumes or resizing them. From point of view logical volumes, volume group stays the same, only its size changes. File systems are not created in sections, as with normal markup, but in logical volumes. The size logical volumes can be changed while the operating system is running, unlike the size of a FAT32 disk partition, which is quite problematic to change without losing data.
Terminology
Physical volume - PV(physical volume) - physical volume (part of a volume group, represents a physical medium)
volume group - VG(volume group) - volume group (consists of physical volumes on the PV side and logical volumes on the LV side)
Logical volume - LV(logical volume) - logical volume (also part of a volume group, equivalent to a disk partition in a regular non-LVM layout, is a block device, may contain a file system)
Markup scheme used in the example
In this "complex" example, we will use one volume group With name vg1, to which we add one physical volume(hard disk) and the following diagram logical volumes:
The logical volumes are part of the vg1 volume group and therefore have the appropriate prefixes. If the system uses several volume groups, then specifying such prefixes makes working with volumes more convenient. Prefixes are optional.
Go!
In the dialog box for selecting the markup method, select - "Manually". Then select the hard disk (physical device, not partition) to place the settings and confirm in the third dialog box.
Now let's create a volume group vg1 and add our physical volume (i.e. physical disk) to it. If there were several disks in our server, we could add them all to the volume group. From the point of view of logical volumes, all this would look like one volume group, no matter how many physical volumes (that is, hard drives) are in it. Then write the changes to disk.
It's time to create the logical volume inside the volume group. These operations are equivalent to creating disk partitions on a physical disk when using a non-LVM system.
We create logical volumes according to the table, indicating their names and sizes. We repeat the operation for each logical volume. After the last volume is created, the current LVM configuration will be displayed. Then choose Finish.
As a result, we got a vg1 volume group, which includes one physical volume /dev/sda1 and in which five logical volumes were created with the vg1 prefix for convenience of distinguishing them from logical volumes included in other groups.
Now, on each of the logical volumes, according to the table, you need to create a file system indicating the types and mount points. This procedure is similar to creating file systems on disk partitions in non-LVM systems.
Select each partition and create a file system on it according to the table above. Screenshots of each section will be shown below. Take your time, incorrectly specifying the file system type or mount point is a common mistake. Note that Ext3 is used for the boot partition, and Ext4 is used for everything else except swap. After creating the file system on each of the logical volumes, select the "Partition setup is finished" item. After creating all the necessary file systems, select "Finish partitioning and write changes to disk."
That's all :)
System installation and software selection
When choosing software, I recommend leaving only "SSH Server" and "Standard System Utilities". Even if you need a WEB server, it is better to install the latest versions of Nginx (or Apache), as well as PHP, MySQL, etc. from alternative repositories after installing the operating system. The reason for this is that the Debian repositories contain outdated versions of the software, some of which are no longer even supported by the developers. For example, the Debian repository still offers PHP version 5.5, which is no longer supported by the developers. The current PHP version is 7.0 and 7.1 and the minimum supported is 5.6.
This paragraph also includes the addition of alternative repositories, if there is a need for them, which were discussed in the System Installation and Software Selection section.
Software and OS update
Debian combines software and operating system updates into a single action.
First you need to update the information from the repositories: sudo apt-get update .
Then update the software and OS with the command: sudo apt-get dist-upgrade .
Check the current version of Debian with lsb_release -a
NTP Time Synchronization
In order for the clock on the server to always show the exact time (this is critical for most applications), you need to get an NTP client.
Install: sudo apt-get install ntp ntpdate .
After installation, the NTP client will be launched automatically. Let's stop it first: sudo service ntp stop .
Let's open the configuration file sudo nano /etc/ntp.conf and bring the list of servers to the form:
Server 0.ua.pool.ntp.org iburst server 1.ua.pool.ntp.org iburst server 2.ua.pool.ntp.org iburst server 3.ua.pool.ntp.org iburst
If everything is in order, then we execute the command again, but this time pointing out the need to write the received time to the local system clock: sudo ntpdate -bs 0.ua.pool.ntp.org .
If you suddenly find that the time zone is set incorrectly, run the command: sudo dpkg-reconfigure tzdata and specify your location.
Now start the stopped server: sudo service ntp start .
A minute later, we observe the work: ntpq -p .
Finishing touch
To enable bash completion, in the /etc/bash.bashrc file, uncomment if-fi block, titled by a comment (not the comment itself, but the block immediately below it:
# enable bash completion in interactive shells
If you like the colorful console, turning it on is easy. In the .bashrc file located in your home directory, uncomment the line (will only be enabled for your account):
#force_color_prompt=yes
Install Dialog to replace console interactive menus with pseudo-graphical dialogs: sudo apt-get install -y dialog
If the command line is not yet your forte, install the Midnight Commander file manager: sudo apt-get install -y mc
Instead of installing Debian on your own server, you can order a virtual server with Debian already installed on it! You can customize it to suit your needs and use it however you wish. To do this, just register on DigitalOcean and choose any configuration that is convenient for you. Upon registration, you will receive $10 to your account, which is enough for 2 months if you choose the simplest configuration. This may even be a better option than hosting your own server, as you get a virtual server with professional service and guaranteed performance (power and internet) for all your needs.
Good luck learning Debian!
After two years of development, the long-awaited stable release of the Debian 9 distribution has arrived. It is the distribution that contains the most stable versions of packages, is very well tested, and is therefore often used on servers where increased stability is required.
The new version brought not so many changes, the main ones are the transition to MariaDB, improved UEFI support, updated many packages, and much more. Read more about what's new in Debian 9 in a separate article, and today we'll look at how Debian 9 Stretch is installed on a computer or laptop.
Preparing for installation
Before we move on to installing the system, you need to prepare everything, download the images, burn them to disks or a USB flash drive, and also configure the BIOS.
Step 1: Download the image
You can download the image on the official website. Open the link labeled stable release, then select the desired architecture and format:
Then it remains only to download the desired images. The developers provide three disks, they have all the necessary packages, but only the first one will be enough for installation, in this case all other packages will be downloaded via the Internet.
Step 2. Write the image to media
You can use k3b to write to disk on Linux, and UltraISO on Windows. We will not dwell on this. Now it is more popular to write an image to a USB flash drive. If you downloaded only one image, then everything is simple here, you will only need to write it using the dd utility:
dd if=~/debian.iso of=/dev/sdc1
Here /dev/sdc1 is the device name of your flash drive. You can also use Unetbootin or any other utility. But if you downloaded all three images and want to use them during installation, then you need another flash drive, just extract their contents into separate folders on that flash drive.
Step 3Setting up the BIOS
After everything is ready, all that remains is to configure the BIOS to boot from the media. To do this, restart your computer and click Del, F8, F2 or Shift+F2 during the BIOS splash screen. Next, go to the tab Boot and select there in the section Boot Device Priority your device comes first.
Installing debian 9 from a flash drive is almost the same as installing from disk, only you need to select the correct device in the BIOS.
Installing Debian 9
Now let's take a closer look at how Debian 9 is installed. It's important to note that the installer has changed a bit in terms of interface, but the workflow has remained the same.
Step 4 Installation method
Immediately after the reboot, the installation image will start, in the first step we have to choose the installation method:
I will consider a graphical installation "Graphical".
Step 5 System Language
In the next step, select the language in which you want to use Debian:
Step 6 Location
Step 7 Keyboard Layout
Select the second keyboard layout and then the key to change layouts:
Step 8Computer name
Wait for the package manager and network setup operations to complete, and then specify the name of your computer:
Step 9. Setting up a superuser
Enter the superuser password twice:
Step 10Setting up a standard user
Enter the full username that will be displayed on the panel and in the login menu:
Enter username:
The last step, creating a password:
Step 11. Disk partitioning
If you have a blank disk, you can choose the layout automatically and the system will create such partitions as necessary for the most correct operation. But in this article we will consider manual disk partitioning. Therefore, in the wizard's question about markup, select "Manually":
Step 12Partition Table
Select the device on which you want to install Debian 9:
If the disk is clean, the utility will offer to create a new partition table:
Step 13 Bootloader Section
It's time to create the first partition, we will make a partition for the bootloader. This partition is recommended to be created if you have several Linux distributions on your computer, and also if you use LVM, in other cases the partition is not needed.
Select "Free place" and press "Proceed". In the menu that opens, select "Create a new section". Next, specify the file system "ext2", label Boot, reservation - 0%. The mount point is /boot. The most important parameter is the mount point, everything else is not so important. You also need to set "Label bootable" into position "On".
When done, click on "Partition configuration completed".
Step 14 Root Partition
It is created similar to the previous section, only you need to use more than 10 GB of disk space and a mount point "/" .
You can take any file system suitable for the root, for example, ext4, btrfs, xfs, but not ntfs or fat.
Step 15Swap Partition
Everything is the same, only the file system is "Paging space", and the size must be equal to the amount of RAM in the event that you want to use the hibernation mode.
Step 16Home Partition
Under the home partition, you can allocate all the space left from the previous partitions. Your files, videos, music will be stored here. The mount point is /home/. File system of your choice, but not NFTS or FAT.
Step 17 Finishing the Markup
Once everything is ready, select "Disk Setup Complete":
In the next window, click "Yes", to confirm the write changes.
Step 18. Installing the system
Wait until the installation of the basic components of the distribution is completed, this may take up to ten minutes:
Step 19Additional Software
As for several discs that we recorded, at this stage they can be scanned and then inserted if necessary:
It can take a long time to install and download packages from the Internet.
Step 20Installing the Bootloader
Confirm that the bootloader needs to be installed:
Then choose a section for it:
Step 21 Finish
After a few more seconds, the program will report that the Debian installation is complete and you can restart your computer:
Step 22. Starting the system
From the Grub menu, select the first item:
Step 23 Login
Select the user you created during installation and enter its password:
Step 24 Done
Here is the desktop. Now the system is completely ready for use and you can proceed to its personalization and customization.
conclusions
Now you know how to install Debian 9 on a computer via a graphical interface. It's simple enough. Installing the system on a server using pseudographics will be a little more complicated, but all the same steps are used there, perhaps we will consider it in one of the following articles. I hope this information was helpful to you.
When I first met Linux, the question immediately arose of which distribution to choose, since it turned out that there are a lot of them and they are all different. After a long study of various materials, I decided to start learning Linux with Debian. And why exactly with Debian? The answer is very simple:
- Debian has a wealth of information on the Internet.
- Debian is not a very young system and has a very large community.
- Debian is stable and well tested.
- Many popular distributions (Ubuntu, Mint, etc.) are based on Debian. Accordingly, having studied it, we can use them.
Where to begin?
And we will start by downloading the distribution from the official Debian website.
After going to the site, in the upper right corner, click Download Debian
After the download is complete, we have a distribution image of the latest stable version of Debian.
To install it, you need to cut it to a disk, either create an installation flash drive, or if you plan to install Debian in a virtual machine, mount it in a virtual drive. How to install operating systems on virtual machines, we will consider in another article.
Let's start installing Debian.
The first thing we see when starting the installation is the installation start page.
Choose advanced options
The next window is the installation menu. Here we just click continue.
In the next window, select a location and click Proceed
In the next window, you do not need to select anything, just click Proceed
In the next window, click several times Proceed until we get to the keyboard settings
In the keyboard settings, select Russian and press Proceed
In the next keyboard settings window, select the method for switching the keyboard language and click Proceed
Next install menu item Finding and Mounting a CD-ROM. There is no need to choose anything, just click a few times Proceed
In the next menu item Downloading Installer Components from CD here we also do not select anything, just press several times Proceed
Next item Network card definition clickProceed.
Here we select as you need to manually enter network parameters or automatically. We press Proceed
In the next window, enter the computer name and click Proceed
In the next window, enter the domain name (if your computer is not in the domain, you can simply localhost) and click Proceed
Next menu item Setting up user accounts and passwords press Proceed
Leave everything as it is and click Proceed
In the next window, enter the superuser password and click Proceed
In the next window, create a regular user
Next menu item Disk detection press Proceed and go to Disk Partitioning
Choose manually
You can partition a disk in different ways (for certain needs and tasks) within the framework of this article, we use the easiest way to partition the entire disk. You can read more about Linux partitions and options for proper partitioning in the article Partitions and disk partitioning in Linux.
Select the disk to partition
Proceed
In the next window, select a free space and click Proceed
In the next window, you will be offered the choice to create the necessary disks manually by specifying their size or allow the system to automatically mark the free area. In the case of automatic layout, you will be offered several layout options.
We select Automatically mark free space and click Proceed
In the next window, you will be offered 3 options for partitioning the disk.
In the next window, select Yes and click Proceed
In the next window, leave everything unchanged and click Proceed
We are waiting for the installation of the base system
It is better to use the repository of your country, packages will be downloaded faster.
In the next window, do not change anything. We press Proceed.
Your choice in the next window will determine the appearance of your desktop. You can select multiple desktops and desktops and choose the one you want when you log in.
The next window will prompt you to install the bootloader. The default is Yes, do not change anything, click Proceed.
Specify where to install
We are waiting for the download to finish.
If the installation was successful, we will see an information window about the completion of the installation and that we can boot the system. We press Proceed, the machine reboots and the system boots.
After the system boots up, we will see an authorization window for logging into Debian. Enter the username and password that we created during the installation process and click To come in
OK it's all over Now. Congratulations! You have just installed the Debian Linux operating system.
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Installing the Debian operating system on a computer. Step-by-step instruction. To get started, download the distribution of the system. Gnome desktop environment. Downloading from the official site - download debian. If debian version 9 is required, download you can here. Choose the version, 32 (i386) bits or 64 (amd64) and download method, via torrent or directly. I recommend torrent as it will be faster. 
Installing a Debian system
After the image is downloaded and written to a USB flash drive (or other media), but it is better to use a USB flash drive from it, the system will install faster. I told you how to write an image to a USB flash drive, I will not repeat myself. So the image was recorded. Now boot from it.
Debian installation. Select "Graphical install" with cursor keys and press "Enter" to run the installer.
On the first page, select the language that suits you and click the "Continue" button.
Now select a keyboard layout. And on the next page, the layout switching method.
I will leave the default. Alt + shift suits me. Then enter the computer name. It can be set to whatever you like.
In the next window, you need to specify the domain address if the computer is part of a domain. If you have a network without a domain or no local network at all, you can leave nothing out or enter localhost.
Click continue and proceed to create a regular user. Under this account you will work in the system.
Enter your name and click continue. The account login will be shown (usually the same as the name specified in the previous step). It can be changed.
Now we set a password for a regular user and continue.
Specify the city and time zone and continue.
Let's move on to disk partitioning. You can select automatic mode. But I prefer to manually partition the disk. Therefore, we choose this mode.
All disks in the system will be displayed. Select the one you want to install debian on. In my case, there is only one disk, so I will choose it.
The disk is not marked. Therefore, you need to create a partition table. Click "Yes" and continue.
There was a disk on which there is a free place. Now let's create three sections. Click continue or double-click on the highlighted line.
Choose. Create a new section. Proceed.
First we create a swap partition. I will make it 4 gigabytes in size.
Select partition type "Logical". Leave the location "Start".
Here in the item "Use as:" double-click or click the continue button.
A window will appear with the option to select available file systems.
Select "Swap Partition" and click Continue.
Select the item "Partition configuration is finished" and continue.
As you can see in the screenshot, the swap partition has been created. Next, let's create the root partition. Select an empty seat and click Continue.
This time choose the partition type "Primary" and the location "Start".
The debian installer immediately prompts us with the required file system type (ext4) and the mount point "/" root. I'm happy with these settings. But they can be changed by double-clicking the mouse or by selecting the desired item with the cursor keys and pressing the "Continue" button.
You can leave only the root partition the system will work. But I recommend making another section for users. It's called "/home". It is created in the same way as the root one, only select /home as the mount point.
The result should be three sections as shown in the figure.
- Swap partition (podk)
- Root (/)
- User directories (/home)
Disk setup is complete. Select "Finish partitioning and burn to disk" click "Continue"
Check all parameters carefully! Have you chosen the correct disk, file system, sizes. After applying the settings, all information will be lost!
After making sure the settings are correct. Select "Yes" and click continue.
The disk will be marked and the installation of the system will begin.
After copying the files, you will be prompted to configure the package manager. If you have unlimited and stable Internet, I recommend enabling archive mirrors from the network. Select "Yes" and click continue.
Choose a country. To make the download speed faster. Select the country that is closest to you. But this is optional. Choose any from the list.
Also select a server. Let's continue.
After the installation of the debian operating system on your computer is complete. Remove all bootable media: flash drives, disks. And click continue. The computer will restart. Log in to the system and start using.
For clarity, I recorded a video - How to install debian on a computer:
Installing with debian netinstall
The so-called network installer "network install". You can download the iso image by going to the site debian.org There is a link in the top right corner of the header.
This method is suitable primarily for those who know exactly what they want to install. Another plus is that all packages will be the freshest.
It's important to understand. For such an installation, you must have a stable, fast and unlimited (or very cheap) Internet. All packages are downloaded over the network. Therefore, the installation of the system will be longer in time.
If you chose to install two environments, then during the installation you will need to select display manager. Briefly. You will see this menu before starting the system. Here you will need to select a user and enter a password. The language and desktop environment are also selected here. For example, install Gnome and XFCE. Choice between lightdm and gdm3.
VIDEO: Installing Debian with netinstall (network install)
With the release of Debian 10 in live-cd mode, it became possible to install the system using the Calamares installer.
VIDEO: Debian 10 installation with Calamares from Live-cd:
I have prepared a list of the most requested terminal commands:
https://yadi.sk/d/5MX6QXFm3LkLHM