In the modern world, it is no longer possible to imagine a work and home environment without a computer. Thanks to this machine, or rather the programs embedded in it, important processes of interaction between man and technology are carried out. The user performs a series of actions that allow him to solve the task, for example, write text, draw a picture, create a table. Today everything is computerized. It is impossible to imagine working in an office, school, or any other institution without a PC. Communication with a computer, fortunately or unfortunately, has become a part of life.
System programs manage the processor, input, output, memory of a computer or laptop. They are intended for all users and are designed so that the PC can run them. Operating systems manage resources in a computer, which are also Windows programs. Among the system are utilities. They are auxiliary, complement the capabilities of the computer OS and can independently solve certain tasks.
What's this?
Windows system programs perform various functions, maintain disks, check the health of the computer and its devices. For example, drivers perform many of the most important tasks set by the user. They are used to connect different devices. All system programs can be divided into three categories.
- Applied edit texts, images, process information.
- Instrumental create new programs.
- System ones perform a number of additional functions, for example, create copies of ready-made information, issue reference information, and check the performance of all PC devices.
The computer software is the control center. It consists of specific programs: operating systems, service and programming.
Where can I download?
System programs for a computer are easy to download for free on the Web. The danger lies in the fact that the system files on various sites may contain malicious, virus programs. Before downloading unknown files, make sure they are reliable and won't harm your computer.
Programs
System programs include: utilities for tracking operations performed on files and accesses to the registry (RegMon, FileMon), programs for cleaning the registry (RegCleaner). The launch of various programs is carried out using Resplendid Resolver. Tracking data about running processes is controlled by Process Explorer. During Windows system startup, Autoruns provides editing and display.
In addition, system programs create symbolic links, launch applications, and perform a number of other actions. For example, Avira System Speedup, created for the Windows platform, searches for obsolete, long-unused program files and removes them. The peculiarity is that with its help the speed of the operating system increases.
The well-known antivirus program Avast Free Antivirus finds viruses on the computer's hard drive, downloads, memory and blocks them. Databases are updated regularly via the Internet. Avast has a clear and simple interface. CCleaner system utilities for Windows clean up garbage in the computer OS, delete temporary and unused files.
How to install?
Installing system programs requires the user to have certain skills and knowledge. You can entrust this to specialists or try to download and install the necessary complex yourself. As a rule, system drivers, operating system (Windows), utilities, plug-ins, system resuscitators, BIOS are installed. In order to install the popular Windows 7 program, decide how it will be run: from a disk or flash drive. After launch, the installation window will appear. Choose what is offered in the lines, click "Next" and "Install". Agree to the license agreement, click Next. Select the "Full installation" type.
It's time to choose a hard drive. Its usual volume is 35 gigabytes. Click "Create" - "Apply" - "Next". The installation of system files and the process of setting up the operating system will begin. After the end, you can set a username and password, change the date, time, and other settings. If someone is interested in how to reinstall a system program, remove it completely from the computer. Go to "Control Panel" - "Add or Remove Programs", restart your computer and start a new operation.
Operating system
What system programs exist? One of the most important is the operating system that controls the computer and consists of a whole range of programs. It also plans the efficient use of PC resources, expanding its hardware. The operating system independently allocates computer resources, manages, organizes work and ensures normal functioning of the computer in three modes: single-program, multi-program and multi-tasking.
The main purpose of the operating system is to ensure the normal operation of the computer in any of the three modes. In addition, the system must dynamically allocate and manage resources in accordance with computing processes. Resources can be hardware or software. The first includes RAM, peripherals, microprocessor, and the second - any software that helps manage data and processes. The operating system is an intermediary between the user and the computer. It parses requests and executes them.
Most computers today are running the Windows operating system. For example, Windows 2000 Professional belongs to the new generation and is used for doing business on the Web. Its advantages are ease of use, reliability, economy and safety.
Service
These programs increase the capabilities of the operating system, provide smooth PC operation, automate development, and include a programming language, libraries, and translators. Service programs are also called utilities. They are involved in computer maintenance. Service check hardware and software and provide the user with the collected data. There are multifunctional and standalone utility kits for Windows. Service programs include drivers, archivers and antiviruses.
Drivers are an addition to the operating system. They serve peripheral devices. Loaded into PC memory and installed by controllers. One example is the keyboard driver.
Antiviruses protect computer data from viruses. They destroy the consequences of infections and prevent danger.
Archivers create copies of files, reduce them in size, merge them and place them in a separate package. In this case, special methods of data compression are used. One of the most popular archivers is WinRar.
Utilities
System programs include a set of utilities. In Latin, utilitas means "benefit". They really bring great benefits to the computer. These are utility programs that provide additional services to the user. For example, with the help of the disk defragmentation utility, its operation is optimized, which has a positive effect on speed. The verification program scans the correctness of the information on the disk, which is contained in the tables, and also searches for failures. The compact utility creates and maintains compressed disks. The optimization program changes the location of the files so that you can get to them faster.
Windows 10
System programs for Windows 10 must be suitable for a specific operating system. The new OS has an updated interface, including the Start menu. You can customize it yourself, resize it, manage it, remove unnecessary elements, add the necessary ones. Windows 10 has a new Action Center that appears on the right side of the desktop. In the center you can find complete information about the operation of the OS, as well as learn about the problems that have arisen.
A virtual voice assistant, or Cortana assistant, will help plan important events, book hotel rooms, and even keep up a conversation with the user. In addition, Windows 10 has a new browser that will compete with many. The main features of Microsoft Edge are high speed, data processing, convenient and beautiful interface. The new version supports hybrid PCs, it is possible to create multiple virtual desktops. The email client has also changed for the better. Now the user can format correspondence texts, use new tools, images and markers.
Peculiarities
System software programs enable the computer to perform a variety of tasks and run smoothly. Personal computers are devices that process data. They do not have any knowledge, but perform actions compiled in a programming language they understand. It is the utilities that perform all the tasks on the computer. Each user creates a workspace on their own by downloading certain programs. For example, an accountant will have computer programs on his computer, a designer will have photo editors. Their variety and number on a PC determines what tasks it will perform. If you want to use the device effectively, you need to know what programs are and how to work with them.
Functions
System programs solve the problem of communication between the user and the computer, increase the efficiency of the PC, and provide comfortable work. The operating system includes additional functions: managing computer resources, providing a set of commands for user convenience, providing a clear interface. They share resources between the user, organization, and processes. In addition, programs perform a protective function, guarantee the security of rights, reserve devices, data, and monitor the stability of the OS.
Performance
You can judge performance by how new Windows system programs work. It is evaluated on a scale from 1.0 to 7.9 points. The evaluation is performed by the operating system, which produces the final data in the form of a table. The performance index is determined by the smallest index of the tested component.
The information you receive can be used to improve the performance of your computer. If you want to view the performance index on Windows 7, right-click on the "Computer" icon on the desktop and select "Properties".
Removal
Removing system programs is necessary if they are infected with viruses, are not used, or take up disk space. If you need to remove the Windows operating system due to the installation of two operating systems at the same time or reinstall it again, first decide which one you will leave. For example, you have different versions installed - 7 and 8.
- During the uninstall process, all programs on the computer must be closed.
- Go to the desktop, press the key combination Win + R, enter msconfig in an empty line and confirm the command "OK".
- In the window that appears, go to the "Download" tab, select the operating system that you leave, click "Set as default".
- Next, select the system you want to get rid of, and click "Delete".
- A small window will appear, select Reboot.
- After the computer reboots, the abandoned system will start its work.
- Next, you will need to format the old files on the "C" hard drive in the partition where the second operating system was located. This is a radical method that will delete all information stored there, including system programs for the computer. Be careful!
In the Windows operating system, you often have to change certain settings: remove unnecessary programs from autorun, disable services that have come from nowhere, search for and eliminate viruses in the process list. To work with the system, it is convenient to use free time-tested programs, after which you would not have to reanimate the system. In this article, we will look at useful utilities that will help you deal with startup, processes and Windows services.
Srvinstw.exe
We all know that Windows has services (services) that can be seen by right-clicking on the “My Computer” icon and selecting “Manage” from the context menu. If any of the services starts with the operating system, it can be disabled by setting the startup mode to Manual or Disabled instead of Auto. But not everyone knows that a service can be easily and quickly removed from the list of system services forever. This feature is very useful if you like to clean up viruses manually or want to get rid of some annoying program that imagines itself to be a system service. Sometimes it also becomes necessary to set a program to run as a service.
The small program srvinstw.exe, consisting of just one file, will help you deal with system services. The program is made in the form of a convenient Wizard, upon launching which you will be prompted to choose an action - deleting an existing system service or setting a program to run as a service.
The program can remove not only Windows services, but also device drivers loaded with the operating system. Check the "Include device drivers" option and you will be able to select the driver to be removed from the list of services.
Srvinstw allows you to manage services both on your own PC and on other computers on the local network. To do this, just check the "Remote machine" option and enter the name of the remote computer in the "Computer name" field.
Srvinstw is a small but very useful utility that doesn't require installation and works great in both Windows XP and Windows Vista. Keep in mind that in Windows Vista the program must be run as an administrator.
Process Explorer
A worthy replacement for the standard Windows Task Manager, Process Explorer conveniently displays a list of running processes. The program belongs to the Sysinternals utilities and can be downloaded from the official Microsoft website
The main window of the program displays almost complete information about each process: description, identifier, use of computer system resources, developer of the source application of the process, path to the executable file, program version, dynamic libraries (DLL) loaded by the process, and other data defined in the menu " View" - "Select Columns". If desired, the list of processes can be saved in a txt file.
All processes are presented in the form of a tree and are grouped according to a hierarchical structure. For example, the services.exe group includes system services, and the explorer.exe group includes programs launched by Windows Explorer. When you hover your mouse over a process of interest, Process Explorer will display the corresponding program folder. For svchost.exe processes, the pop-up window will not only show the process folder, but also list the Windows system services it starts.
Process Explorer can end individual processes and the process tree, restart processes and change their priority, and search the Internet for information about a process using Google. These options are available in the context menu of each process.
One of the indisputable advantages of Process Explorer is getting comprehensive information about the selected process: program version, processor, memory and network usage, user permissions, etc. To do this, select the "Properties" item in the context menu of the process. The data presented here can be useful not only to ordinary users, but also to system administrators and programmers.
A handy feature for finding processes that open a particular handle or load a particular DLL will be of great help to software developers and administrators. To do this, select “Find Handle or DLL…” from the “Find” menu or press the “Ctrl” + “F” key combination in the Process Explorer window.
Process Explorer will get along well not only with Windows XP, but also with Windows Vista. The program, of course, is free and does not require installation. Process Explorer belongs to the category of programs that every user should have on their computer. The utility will be able to help out both when an application freezes and when searching for a virus in the system.
There are portable versions in Russian:
Process Explorer 14.12 Rus Portable
Process Explorer- a compact but powerful program with a user-friendly interface for real-time monitoring of the actions taking place in the system. Gives detailed information about all running activities, including owner, memory injection, libraries involved, etc.
Additional Information:
The workspace of the Process Explorer program consists of 2 windows. The top window displays a list of active activities, including the names of the accounts that own those processes. The information that is displayed in the lower window depends on the selected mode of the program. In handle mode, the lower window shows all open handles to the favorite in the upper process window, while in DLL mode, all dynamic libraries loaded by the action and memory-mapped files are shown. In addition, Process Explorer also has a massive search capability that lets you quickly find out which process has a particular handle open or a particular DLL loaded.
Because of its unique capabilities, Process Explorer is useful for resolving DLL versioning problems and descriptor leaks, as well as understanding how Windows and applications work.
The best program for viewing running processes has been updated - Process Explorer.
In addition, Process Explorer allows changing the priorities of processes, their "freezing" and "killing". It has a powerful search engine that allows you to search for a process loading a specific DLL or opening a specific handle. It is possible to search for a description by module name in Google and MSN.
What's new in this version:
VMMap v3.1: VMMap, the virtual and physical memory analyzer process now shows the ASLR status of images and reports "unusable" virtual memory areas. RAMMap v1.11: This update to RAMMap, the analyzer's system memory usage, adds command line features for downloading files and exporting scans...
autoruns
We all sometimes have to fight for the cleanliness of startup, removing utilities, plug-ins, agents and other unnecessary, but slowing down the loading of the operating system applications from Windows startup. Autoruns will show you not only programs from autorun, but also everything that starts together in Windows: toolbars and add-ons for Internet Explorer, interceptors, Task Scheduler list, Windows Explorer extensions, services, drivers, codecs, dynamic libraries.
Just look at the "Everything" tab to see the full list of applications and modules that are loaded with Windows. Moreover, for convenience and clarity, all startup items are also grouped into sections on separate Autoruns tabs: “Explorer” (Explorer), “Services” (Services), “Drivers” (Drivers), “KnownDLLs” (Dynamic Libraries), “Internet Explorer" (Browser add-ons, including Browser Helper Objects), etc. For each startup object, the branch of the Windows registry that launches it is also shown.
Next to each autorun element is its description, information about the developer, the path to the downloaded file, which will allow you to most likely identify a virus or a malicious DLL among peaceful programs. Information about the autorun item selected in the list is also available in its context menu (“Properties” item) and in the lower part of the Autoruns window.
Fortunately for administrators and users, Autoruns allows you to not only view, but also disable or permanently remove unnecessary items from autorun. To disable an element, uncheck the box next to the unwanted object. Allowing autoloading of a previously blocked program is just as easy - just return the previously unchecked box to its place. If you select a program and click the "Delete" button on the Autoruns Toolbar, it will be permanently removed from startup.
The context menu of the autorun object allows not only to delete this element, but also to find information about it on the Internet (“Search Online”), go to the registry parameter that launches this program or module (“Jump to ...”), and finally find the corresponding object process in Process Explorer ("Process Explorer" item). The Process Explorer program must already be running on the computer.
Useful features of Autoruns are searching for startup items and exporting the autorun list to a txt file. In addition, the program allows you to view startup items not only for the current user, but also for other accounts. To do this, in the "Users" menu, just select the desired account.
I was pleased that with the help of Autoruns you can edit startup not only in Windows XP, but also in Vista. Please note that for productive work of the program in this operating system, it is recommended to run it as an administrator. Like Process Explorer, Autoruns are related to Sysinternals utilities and can be downloaded from the official Microsoft website: http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/
starter
Earlier, we reviewed system utilities, each of which is designed to solve its highly specialized tasks: remove and install system services, manage the list of processes and startup. But there are many programs that combine all these functions. One of them is the free Starter utility, which has in its arsenal not so advanced tools for working with the system as Autoruns and Process Explorer, but it will allow you to quickly edit autorun, terminate unwanted or frozen programs and manage Windows services.
Starter can be installed on a PC in the usual way, and then copy the folder with the program to any media and other computers. Starter is perfectly Russified and has a nice interface. The functionality of the program is focused on three tabs, each of which is responsible for solving specialized tasks:
. Autoload - autorun management;
. Processes - view the list of processes and perform various actions on them;
. Services - manage Windows services.
Among other things, the processor and RAM usage (as a percentage) is displayed at the bottom of the program window. It is also possible to save lists of services, processes and startup not only in txt format, but also as an html file.
The Startup tab shows startup items based on registry keys, the Windows Startup folder, and the contents of the Win.ini file. The right part of the window contains a list of programs and modules loaded with Windows. Each startup item displays a description, registry key, registry key or executable, manufacturer. A brief summary of this information is also duplicated at the bottom of the Starter window. To remove a program from startup, just uncheck the box next to it and confirm your decision. In this case, the branch "Disable by Starter" will appear in the Windows registry. At any time, the checkbox can be returned to its place, allowing the program to be loaded along with the operating system.
Unfortunately, Starter's autoload management capabilities are not as impressive as those of Autoruns, but the context menu for autoload settings is somewhat richer. It allows you to add a program to the autorun list, view the extended properties of the file being launched, open the folder with the program and the registry key responsible for its launch directly from the Starter window, and also find additional information about the downloaded program on the Internet not only using Google, but also other search engines. systems.
On the "Processes" tab, you can monitor the list of processes running on the computer, change their priority, end and restart processes, view the properties of executable files, go to the folder with the source file of the process with one click of the mouse and, of course, get information about the process in the global network. It provides impressive information about each process, including its identifier, executable file, RAM usage, number of errors, priority, and other information useful to the non-ordinary user. Compared to the Process Explorer program in Starter, it was frustrating not to be able to view a list of services started by the svchost.exe processes.
The Services tab provides a wide range of options for managing Windows services, including deleting them and changing the startup mode. For convenience, all services are divided into groups, which are listed on the left side of the Starter window.
The right part of the window contains extended information about each service: name, name, status, startup type, service type, executable file, description, account under which the service is running, and other data. Starter's system services toolkit is impressive, allowing the program to claim to be a replacement for the standard Windows service management tool. Looking at the entire list of services, you can easily stop unnecessary services, find the source of problems in the operation of any Windows network component, or remove a service from the list of services forever.
To delete a service, it is enough to select the “Change” item in the context menu of the service, and in the window that opens, click the “Delete” button. The vigilant Starter will ask for your confirmation for the total liquidation of the service, because if you make a mistake, it will be impossible to return the service back. Although using the program described at the beginning of our article, this will not be difficult, unless, of course, you remember which file was launched by an inadvertently remote service.
The Starter program works stably in Windows XP and Vista, helping you solve the whole range of trivial tasks related to managing startup, processes, and services. A clear interface with support for the Russian language will allow you to quickly understand the capabilities of the program even for an inexperienced user.
Conclusion
The advantage of the applications we have reviewed is their free, undemanding to system resources and stable operation without the usual installation procedure in the most common operating systems of the Windows family today. With the help of Process Explorer, you can end a frozen program with one click, find the developer of a suspicious application, determine how much system resources a particular process takes from a computer, and also find the desired handle or DLL. If you need to install or uninstall a Windows service from time to time, the tiny program srvinstw.exe, which is a step-by-step wizard, will come in handy. Autoruns and Starter will help you solve problems with startup. Moreover, if the first program is intended solely for setting up autorun and has great functionality, then the second one shows only some objects loaded with the operating system, but everything else allows you to manage running processes and Windows system services.
Many users of modern computers very often encounter system programs, although in some cases they do not even suspect that they are dealing with them. Some people try not to get into the jungle at all, so as not to disrupt the operation of the operating system. Probably, it is worth understanding what system programs are, what types of system programs are known today. Along the way, the question of what they are in terms of functionality will be considered. But first things first.
- what's this?
So, now we will not go into the intricacies of how system applications work. The average user does not need this. Let's consider the main issues related to understanding what system programs are found in general. In addition, it will be possible to learn a little about their classification.
In simple terms, system programs are designed to communicate between the installed operating system, the hardware components of a computer terminal, applications, and the user himself. And here the user? Yes, just the connection of the same operating system with the user is carried out through a graphical interface, with the help of which he can access certain functions embedded in the system itself.
Classes of system programs
Today there are many classifications of system software. However, basically they can be conditionally divided into several classes or groups. First of all, these are system management programs, data processing tools, basic minimum sets for operating the OS and service utilities.
Needless to say, each class can be divided more and more. So, for example, operating system programs, in fact, are the most common OS, which today can be counted in dozens. The same is observed, say, in service software, where a huge number of various utilities are presented for a variety of purposes (working with hard drives, editing the registry, removing computer "garbage", uninstalling applications, etc.)
Drivers
One of the most important components in any computer system are drivers, which are also system programs. These are small special applications responsible for the correct functioning of any "iron" device. Who has not come across the concept of a video card or sound card driver?
It is the drivers, so to speak, that help the system to correctly configure the operation of any component. As a rule, even when buying a computer or laptop, a special disk with drivers is always included in the kit. This is due to the fact that, depending on the manufacturer, the same Windows operating systems do not always correctly recognize any device, despite the extensive catalog present in their distributions.
In some cases, Windows may install the most appropriate driver and the device does not work. This is where the installation of the original "native" drivers provided by the hardware manufacturer itself comes to the rescue.
Standard Windows system programs
As expected, Windows has its own system programs. These are, as a rule, utilities that are available to the user in the main Start menu in the All Programs / Administrative Tools, Maintenance and Accessories sections, and some in the Control Panel. In standard programs, in addition to system utilities, there is also a minimum set of applications necessary for work.
Unfortunately, in terms of system programs, Windows OS does not differ much. Most of the processes are hidden from the user's eyes. This is understandable, because the completion of a process or the removal of a system service can have disastrous consequences for the entire system as a whole.
Some inquisitive users often wonder how to remove a system program. The answer is simple: no way! Built-in system utilities in Windows OS are not removed. Of course, you can delete entries and keys in the registry, but the system will still restore the default values when you reboot. In addition, after removal, it is possible that the OS will not work at all, so it’s better not to risk it.
Optimizers
Optimizers are designed to speed up the operating system by removing unnecessary computer "garbage", etc. Windows, of course, has its own tools in the form of the same defragmenter to speed up data access and launch applications or the system
However, as practice shows, they are inferior to specialized utilities such as Advanced System Care, CCleaner, Glary Utillities, Windows 7 Manager and many others.
Archivers
Working with archives is an integral part of any system. Windows has a built-in WinZIP archiver. I must say that this is not Microsoft's own development. It was created specifically on the basis of the good old ZIP archiver.
WinRAR, WinZIP, 7-Zip and many others are recognized as the best in this area. Each utility has its own specifics, but in general they work on almost the same principle.
Additional funds
There are many more additional categories that include system programs. This includes ActiveX controls. The most striking example is Adobe Flash Player, a program for playing streaming video on the Internet. As it is already clear, there is nothing similar in Windows OS itself.
An equally important component can be called all kinds of sets of codecs and decoders, without which it will be impossible to watch video or play audio. Here the leading position belongs to the K-Lite Codec Pack.
Tools for working with PDF documents or Internet resources containing such data are in great demand. This is where programs like Adobe Reader come in handy. Moreover, such utilities during the installation process can even be integrated into the system itself and into Internet browsers.
This includes many system programs responsible for accessing the Internet or creating local networks, without which the modern world cannot be imagined.
Conclusion
In principle, we have considered only the general concepts of system programs. In fact, if you dig deeper, you can list them ad infinitum. It is clear, after all, that the development of computer technology does not stand still. That is why new classes of system programs arise, which are already responsible for completely different areas of work. So one can only guess what system applications will become when quantum computers appear ...
Test
discipline: "Informatics"
System programs
Introduction……………………………………………………………………………...3
1.System software. Concept and functions……………………4
2. Operating system. Composition and purpose…………………………………...5
3. Programming systems………………………………………………………..7
4. Service programs………………………………………………………………8
Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………...9
References……………………………………………………………………10
INTRODUCTION
Computers are versatile information processing devices. Unlike a telephone, a tape recorder or a television set, which perform only functions pre-installed in them, personal computers can perform any information processing actions. To do this, it is necessary to compose an exact and detailed sequence of instructions for the computer in a language it understands, i.e. program to process information. The computer itself does not have knowledge in any area of its application, all this knowledge is concentrated in the programs running on the computer. Therefore, the often used expression "computer did" means exactly that a program was executed on the computer, which made it possible to perform the corresponding actions.
By changing programs for a computer, you can turn it into a workplace for almost any specialist, play some game. When executing, programs can use various input and output devices.
Thus, for the effective use of a computer, it is necessary to know the purpose and properties of the programs necessary when working with it. The purpose of this test is to study system programs.
1. SYSTEM SOFTWARE.
CONCEPT AND FUNCTIONS
Programs running on a computer can be divided into several categories:
Application programs that directly ensure the performance of the work necessary for users: editing texts, drawing pictures, processing information arrays;
Tool systems (programming systems that ensure the creation of new programs on a computer);
System programs that perform various auxiliary functions, for example, creating copies of the information used, issuing help information about the computer, checking the health of computer devices.
In this way, software - this is a set of programs and rules with all the documentation related to them, allowing you to use a computer to solve various problems. System software is a set of software modules, many of which are delivered simultaneously with the computer.
According to the functional purpose in the system software, three components can be distinguished: operating systems (OS), programming systems and service programs.
Operating system - a set of programs that provide computer management, planning its effective use of its resources and solving problems on the instructions of users. This system can be considered as a software continuation and extension of the personal computer hardware.
Programming system - a set of software tools that automate the development and debugging of programs.
2. OPERATING SYSTEM. COMPOSITION AND PURPOSE
To run any program on a computer, at least two resources are required: random access memory (RAM) for storing instructions and data, and a microprocessor (MP) for executing program instructions. These resources can be provided to the program by the programmer, if he manually places commands and data in the OP and enters information into the machine to start the MP. However, this method is not acceptable for large programs, because is very laborious and slow. The computer operating system is designed to free the programmer from painstaking work related to the distribution of computer resources, the management of its hardware and the organization of program execution. It can ensure the operation (functioning) of the computer in one of three modes:
1. Single program mode. In this mode, all computer resources are presented to only one program that performs data processing.
2. Multi-program mode . When a computer is operating in multiprogram mode, several independent programs perform data processing simultaneously. In this case, the programs share resources among themselves. The basis of the multiprogram mode is the combination of MP operation time and the performance of manipulations with peripheral devices. The advantage of multi-program mode compared to single-program mode is more efficient use of resources. There are several programs in the computer's RAM at the same time, but at any given time, the MP executes only one.
3. Multitasking mode. In some cases, it is necessary that the implementation of several programs be coordinated and subordinated to the achievement of one common goal. To do this, the OS must have the means to allow tasks to interact with each other. The operating system in which these tools are implemented ensures functioning in a multitasking mode.
Purpose of the operating system. The main goal of the OS, which ensures the operation of a computer in any of the described modes, is the dynamic allocation of resources and their management in accordance with the requirements of computing processes. A resource is any object that can be distributed by the operating system between computing processes in a computer. Distinguish between hardware and software resources. Hardware includes a microprocessor, RAM and peripherals; to software resources - software tools available to the user for managing computing processes and data. The operating system is an intermediary between the computer and the user, analyzes the user's requests and ensures their execution.
3. PROGRAMMING SYSTEMS
A programming system is a set of tools that automate the development and debugging of programs, and includes programming languages, translators from these languages, libraries of subroutines. Each computer has its own programming language - the language of machine programs and can directly execute programs written only in this language. Being the language of numbers, machine language is of little use for programming, because requires a lot of time from the programmer. For this reason, programming languages that do not coincide with machine languages have become widespread. High-level languages include Pascal, C, BASIC, etc. Assembly languages play a special role. Assembly language is used, as a rule, by system programmers.
A program written in a programming language other than a machine language must be converted into a form suitable for execution by a computer. This transformation is called translation. A program that converts a source module into an objective machine language program is called a translator. Translators also parse the program that is being translated. They can also debug and optimize programs, issue program documentation, and perform a number of other service functions.
4. SERVICE PROGRAMS
Service programs expand the capabilities of the OS. They are usually called utilities. Utilities (utilities) - present the user with auxiliary means of maintaining the computer. They perform the necessary software and hardware checks and display the collected information in a convenient visual form. There are standalone utilities used to solve a single service function and multifunctional utility suites. Currently, Norton Utilities (Semantec) is often used in DOS and Windows environments.
Drivers (drivers) are programs that complement operating systems by providing services to peripheral devices. Drivers are loaded into the computer's memory when the operating system boots or are installed by the controllers. For example, the ru.com keyboard driver switches from the Latin alphabet to Russian and vice versa.
Antivirus designed to protect data from the destruction of computer viruses and eliminate the consequences of infection. Among anti-virus programs, the most popular are AIDSTEST, Dr.Web and Adinf, which are part of the Dialog-Science JSC kit (I. Danilov), AVP - Anti Viral Toolkit PRO (E. Kaspersky) and Norton AntiVirus (Semantec). Anti-virus programs work on different sets of viruses, and there is no duplication of scanning, so they are used together for reliability.
Archivers are used to create a smaller copy of files and combine a copy of multiple files into a single archive file. They create archive files through the use of special methods of information compression. Among the large number of well-known archiving programs, ARJ (Robert Jung), WinRar (Eugene Roshal), LH (Haruyasi Yoshizaki) and others are currently most commonly used. They differ from each other in the degree of information compression, speed and packaging methods.
CONCLUSION
Thus, system software is a set of software and language tools. System software is designed to control the operation of a computer, distribute its resources, maintain a dialogue with users, assist them in maintaining a computer, and also partially automate the development of new programs.