Lesson in grade 7 on the topic
«TABLE INFORMATION MODELS.
STRUCTURE AND RULES FOR FORMING THE TABLE»
IT-teacher
MOU "Secondary School No. 8"
Torzhok
Tver region
Kukushkina Natalia
Konstantinovna
Torzhok, 2010.
Lesson Objectives :
1. form the concept of a tabular information model; teach students to make tabular information structures;
2. to form the skills and abilities of creating tables;
3. to form the skills of working with information.;
4. develop the need to find rational ways to solve problems.
Lesson objectives:
Educational - develop cognitive interest, logical thinking.
Educational - develop memory, attentiveness, logical thinking.
Students should know what a model is, modeling, name the types of models, know the concept of an information model, name the types of information models, know the table structure. Be able to present information in the form of a table, arrange tables, combine table cells.
Lesson plan:
Lesson stages | Time (min.) | Techniques and methods |
1. Organizational moment. | Teacher's message |
|
3. Learning new material. | Teacher's message, notes on the board and in notebooks, lecture accompanied by a presentation |
|
4. Consolidation of new material. | Computer work |
|
5. Performing practical tasks on the computer | Group work |
|
5. Homework. | Writing in diaries or notebooks |
|
6. The result of the lesson. | Teacher's message |
Lesson type: educational.
Lesson form: lesson is travel.
Equipment:
- workplaces of students (personal computer),
- teacher workplace,
- interactive board,
- multimedia projector,
- multimedia presentation.
Material for the lesson:
- presentation "Tabular information models" (Appendix 1),
- cards practical work"Tabular information models" (Appendix 2),
- cards "Safety" (Appendix 3).
During the classes.
Organizing time.
Teacher : Attention! Attention! Attention! I invite everyone to travel around the country MODELING. Here is a map of our route(slide 1). We need to visit all the islands of this country and leave a good impression of ourselves with the locals there. Do not forget to take with you the speed of thought, resourcefulness, ingenuity, ingenuity, practical computer skills. So, favorable wind to you!
Presentation of new material.
Teacher : And it is logical to travel across the ocean in boats. So our desks today are turning into boats. Today we will consider tabular information models, consider the basic rules for constructing tables, and learn how to build these tables. So, let's start our journey. And the first island - "Tabular Information Models".
One of the most common information model structures is a table.
Tables are compiled to describe a number of objects that have the same properties.(slide 2).
Specify the objects and the same properties of the objects
Answer: the objects are girls, they are dressed in national costumes ( slide3).
Using tables, information models are built in various subject areas(slide 4).
Only in school practice do you have to meet with a mass of tables.(question to students: give examples). Class schedule, gradebook, duty schedule, periodic table, tables of physical properties of substances, etc..(slide 5 - 10).
The information in the tables is ordered according to what - principle, for example, in a class magazine - in alphabetical order of the names of students; class schedule - by day of the week and number of lessons. This organization allows you to quickly find the information you need.(slide 11).
In a tabular information model, objects and their properties are presented as a list, and their values are placed in the cells of a rectangular table.
Teacher : And we leave the island "Tabular information models" and go to the island "Structure and rules for the design of tables."
Most often we use rectangular tables.
The simplest table consists of rows and graphs (columns). Headings are located in the top row of the table.(slide 12).
A properly formatted table has the following structure:
Name column (head) | ||||
Row names (sidebar) | ||||
CELL | ||||
line
count
When compiling a table, it includes only the information that interests the user.
The following table rules must be observed:
- The title of the table should give an idea of the information contained in it ( slide 13).
- The heading of the column and lines should be short, not contain unnecessary words and, if possible, abbreviations ( slide 14).
- The table must indicate the units of measurement. If they are common to the entire table, then indicate in the title. If the units of measurement differ, then they are indicated in the headings of the rows and columns ( slide 15).
? – data is unknown;
´ – data is not possible;
¯ – the data must be taken from the overlying cell ( slide 16).
Table 1 Home Library
Number | Name | Year | Shelf |
|
Belyaev A.R. | Amphibian Man | 1997 | ||
Kerwood D. | Rogues of the north | 1991 | ||
Turgeniev I.S. | Novels and stories | 1982 | ||
Olesha Yu.K. | Favorites | 1987 | ||
Belyaev A.R. | Star CEC | 1990 | ||
Tolstoy L.N. | Novels and stories | 1986 | ||
Belyaev A.R. | Favorites | 1994 |
Table 2 Weather
Day | Precipitation | Temperature (degrees C) | Pressure (mm.Hg.st) | Humidity (percentage) |
16.03.2007 | Snow | |||
17.03.2007 | No precipitation | |||
18.03.2007 | Fog | |||
19.03.2007 | Rain | |||
20.03.2007 | No precipitation |
(information model of the process of changing the state of the weather)
In order to compile a tabular model based on the information presented in text form, it is necessary:
1. highlight in the text the names of the objects, the names of the properties of the objects and the values of the properties of the objects;
2. clarify the structure of the table;
3. "populate" the table by transferring information from the text into it.
Let's agree to underline object names with a straight line, property names with a double line, and property values with a dotted line.
For example, the capital of France is Paris.
“Capital” we will underline with two lines, the word “France” with one line, the word “Paris” with a dotted line(slide 17).
Any data structure can be reduced to a tabular form. (example on the slide) Bringing information to a tabular form is called data normalization.
Teacher : The inhabitants of these two islands gave us their knowledge as a gift, now we are sailing in the direction of the island "Fizkultminutka"
Teacher: Well, the inhabitants of the next island "Fizkultminutka" are very fond of swimming, as they live near the seashore. And they offer us a swim(slide 18).
We quickly went down to the sea
Bent over and washed.
One two three four -
That's how nicely refreshed.
And now they swam together.
You need to do this by hand:
Together times is a breaststroke.
One, the other is a crawl.
Three, two, one - we swim like a dolphin.
Swinging on a wave, we float on our backs.
We went ashore steep, brushed ourselves off - and home.
Teacher: Here we rest! And now back to business. The inhabitants of Praktikum Island sit at the computer all day, and for us they have prepared practical task. But they will not let us into their island until we remember the safety rules when working at a computer.(slide 19).
Teacher: Well done, guys, remembered the rules, and now you can start doing practical work. Tasks lie near computers.
Performing practical work.
Teacher: The inhabitants of this island "Relay" were captured by pirates - we need to free them. We must complete the tasks that they offer us and then they will release them. I think we will succeed(slide 20).
The teacher divides the students into small groups and suggests the following rules of the game.
- Each student in the group is assigned a number.
- I read out the task and call the number of the relay participant who must complete the task.
- There is a discussion in the group no more than 30 seconds.
- The participant completes the task.
- 1 point for each correct task.
Tasks:
- Open program
- Create table Fast way 3 columns - 4 rows
- Delete last column
- Merge 2 cells 1 row
- Delete last line
- Enter your name
- Color this cell red.
- Delete the entire table.
Teacher: We completed all the tasks of the pirates. The inhabitants of this island are not disappointed in us and thank us for their release. So we move on. And the next island is "Homework".
Teacher: In the meantime, our boats will sail towards the island "Homework", please answer the following questions:
To summarize. Summary of the material covered:
- What information models did we meet today? (tabular information models)
- What is the convenience of tabular presentation of information? (Information in the table is clear, compact, easy to see)
- List the rules for formatting tables.
(1. The title of the table should give an idea of the information contained in it.
- The heading of the column and lines should be short, not contain unnecessary words and, if possible, abbreviations.
- The table must indicate the units of measurement. If they are common to the entire table, then indicate in the title. If the units of measurement differ, then they are indicated in the headings of rows and columns.
- It is desirable that all cells of the table be filled. If necessary, enter the following conventions:
? – data is unknown;
´ – data is not possible;
¯ – data must be taken from the overlying cell).
Teacher : Today at the lesson we got acquainted with tabular information models, considered the rules for constructing tables, learned how to build these models.
D/Z
Teacher: So, our journey is coming to an end and we were not only on one island - "Homework". The inhabitants of this island recommend that we record homework: §2.5, paragraph "The structure and rules for the design of the table", workbook, assignments 28, 29, 30,31(slide 21).
Teacher : Thank you for the lesson. Everybody's Free(slide 22).
Material and Information Models
All models can be divided into two large classes: material models and information models.
material models.
Object models allow you to represent in material visual form objects and processes that are inaccessible for direct research (very large or very small objects, very fast or very slow processes, etc.).
Models of buildings and structures allow architects to choose the best urban planning solutions, models of aircraft and ships allow engineers to choose their optimal form.
Subject models are often used in the learning process. In the course of geography, we get the first ideas about our planet Earth by studying its model - a globe (Fig. 4.3), in the course of physics we study the operation of an internal combustion engine according to its model, in chemistry, when studying the structure of matter, we use models of molecules and crystal lattices, in biology we study the structure of a person by anatomical dummies.
information models.
Information models represent objects and processes in figurative or symbolic form, as well as in the form of tables, flowcharts, graphs, etc.
figurative models
Figurative models (drawings, photographs, etc.) are visual images of objects fixed on any information carrier (paper, photographic and film, etc.). Figurative information models are widely used in education, where it is required to classify objects according to their external features (remember educational posters in botany, biology and physics).
Graphic Information Models
Map as an information model. Is it possible to call a map of the area (Fig. 4.4) an information model? Of course you can! Firstly, map describes the specific area that is the object of modeling for it. Secondly, this graphic information. The map is created for a specific purpose: with its help, you can get to the desired settlement. In addition, using a ruler and taking into account the scale of the map, you can determine the distance between different points. However, this map does not provide any more detailed information about settlements, except for their position.
The electrical circuit diagram has no external resemblance to the real one. electrical circuit(Fig. 4.6). Electrical appliances (light bulb, current source, capacitor, resistance) are depicted with symbolic icons, and the lines are the conductors of electric current connecting them. Wiring diagram is needed in order to understand the principle of operation of the circuit, so that it is possible to calculate the currents and voltages in it, in order to correctly connect its elements when assembling the circuit.
On fig. 4.7 is a diagram.
Scheme is a graphical representation of the composition and structure of a complex system.
Structure- this is a certain order of combining the elements of the system into a single whole.
The structure of the Moscow metro is called radial-ring.
Graph - process model.
To display various processes often resort to plotting graphs. On fig. 4.8 shows a graph of temperature changes over a certain period.
 |
| Rice. 4.8. temperature chart |
You have dealt with maps, drawings, diagrams, graphs before. It's just that you didn't connect them with the concept of an information model before.
Iconic information models.
Sign information models are built using different languages (sign systems). A sign information model can be presented in the form of a text (for example, a program in a programming language) or a formula (for example, Newton's second law F = ma).
Tabular Models
Information models in the form of tables are widespread. In the table of chemical elements of D. I. Mendeleev, chemical elements are arranged in the cells of the table according to the increase in atomic weights, and in the columns - according to the number of valence electrons. It is important that by the position in the table it is possible to determine some of the physical and chemical properties of the elements (Fig. 4.9).
Tables of type "object-property"
Another common form of information model is rectangular table, consisting of rows and columns. The use of tables is so familiar that it usually does not require further explanation to understand them.
As an example, consider Table 4.1.
| Table 4.1. home library | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
When compiling a table, it includes only the information that interests the user. For example, in addition to those information about books that are included in table 4.1, there are others: publisher, number of pages, cost. However, for the compiler of Table 4.1, there was enough information to distinguish one book from another (columns "Author", "Title", "Year") and to find a book on the shelves of bookshelves (column "Shelf"). It is assumed that all shelves are numbered and, in addition, each book is assigned its own inventory number (column "Number").
Table 4.1 is information model book fund of the home library.
The table may reflect some process occurring in time (Table 4.2).
| Table 4.2. Weather | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
The readings were taken over five days at the same time of day. Looking at the table, it is easy to compare different days in terms of temperature, humidity, etc. This table can be considered as information model weather change process.
Tables 4.1 and 4.2 are the most commonly used type of tables. We will call them tables of type "object-property" . One line of such a table contains information about one object (a book in the library or the weather at 12-00 on a given day). Columns - separate characteristics (properties) of objects.
Of course, the rows and columns in tables 4.1 and 4.2 can be swapped, rotated by 90°. Sometimes they do. Then the rows will correspond to the properties, and the columns to the objects. But most often tables are built in such a way that there are more rows in them than columns. As a rule, there are more objects than properties.
Object-to-object tables
Another common type of tables are tables that reflect relationships between different objects. Let's call them object-to-object tables . Here is an example of a progress table that is understandable to every student (Table 4.3).
| Table 4.3. academic performance |
Rows refer to students - this is the first kind of objects; columns - to school subjects - the second kind of objects. In each cell at the intersection of a row and a column - the grade received by this student in this subject.
Table 4.4 is also of type object-object. However, unlike the previous table, the rows and columns in it refer to the same kind of objects. This table contains information about the availability of roads between settlements.
| Table 4.4. Roads | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Binary matrices
In mathematics, a rectangular table made up of numbers is called matrix . If the matrix contains only zeros and ones, then it is called binary matrix . The numerical part of table 4.4 is a binary matrix.
Table 4.5 also contains a binary matrix.
It provides information about the visit of four students to three electives. It should be clear to you by now that one means visit, zero means non-visit. From this table it follows, for example, that Rusanov visits geology and dancing, Semenov - geology and floriculture, etc.
In tables that are binary matrices, reflects the qualitative nature of the relationship between objects(there is a road - there is no road; visits - does not visit, etc.). Table 4.3 contains quantitative characteristics of pupils' progress in subjects, expressed in grades of a five-point system.
We have considered only two types of tables: "object-property" and "object-object". In practice, other, much more complex tables are also used.
When building some types of information models, a system of graphic elements and a sign system are simultaneously used. Yes, in block diagrams algorithms, various geometric shapes are used to denote elements of the algorithm and formal algorithmic language to write program instructions (Fig. 4.10).
An important role is played by information models that display hierarchical systems. In biology, the entire animal world is considered as a hierarchical system (type, class, order, family, genus, species), in computer science a hierarchical file system is used, etc.
In a hierarchical information model, objects are distributed by levels, from the first (upper) level to the lower (last) level. Only one element can be placed at the first level. The basic relationship between levels is that a higher-level element can consist of several lower-level elements, while each lower-level element can be part of only one top-level element.
A convenient way to visualize hierarchical information models are graphs. The elements of the hierarchical model are displayed in the graph as ovals ( graph vertices).
Elements of each level, except the last one, are in a "consist of" relation to elements of a lower level. Such a relationship between elements is displayed in the form graph arcs(directed line in the form of an arrow).
Graphs that have one top-level vertex resemble trees that grow from top to bottom, therefore they are called trees. Tree arcs can only connect objects of neighboring hierarchical levels, and each object of the lower level can be connected by an arc to only one object of the upper level.
To describe the historical process of family generational change, information models are used in the form family tree. As an example, consider a fragment (X-XI centuries) of the family tree of the Rurik dynasty (Fig. 4.11).
test questions
1. What examples of material models can you name?
2. What are some examples of different forms of information models that you can think of?
3. Give various examples of graphic information models.
4. Build a graphic model of your apartment. What is it: map, diagram, drawing?
5. What form of graphic model (map, diagram, drawing, graph)
6. What is the convenience of tabular presentation of information?
7. Give examples of tables that you have to deal with at school and at home. Determine the type to which they refer: "object-property" or "object-object".
8. What is a matrix? What is a binary matrix?
Tasks for self-fulfillment
4.1. Question with a detailed answer. Build a fragment of a hierarchical model file system your computer.
4.2. Question with a detailed answer. Construct a fragment of a hierarchical model of the animal world.
4.3. Question with a detailed answer. Build a fragment of the family tree model of your family.
4.4. Build a graphical model of your own performance in two different disciplines of the school curriculum (the most favorite and the most "unloved"). Use this model to predict your future learning process in these subjects.
4.5. Present in tabular form information about the hobbies of your classmates. What type of table are you using for this purpose?
4.6. Using a tabular model often makes the decision easier information task. In the following table, the filled cells in the class schedule correspond to physical education lessons in grades 9-11 of the school.
| Timetable of classes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Complete the following tasks:
- determine the minimum number of physical education teachers required for such a schedule;
- find one of the options for the schedule, in which you can get by with two physical education teachers;
- there are three physical education teachers at the school: Ivanov, Petrov, Sidorov; distribute the lessons between them in the table so that no one has "windows" (empty lessons);
- Distribute the lessons among the three teachers so that the workload is the same for everyone.
6. In computer network the node is the server to which all other servers are directly connected. Given the following binary matrix. In it, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5 are the designations of the network servers.
| C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | C5 | |
| C1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| C2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| C3 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| C4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| C5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
Determine which server is the host.
1. What are the advantages and disadvantages of tabular representation of databases?2. What are the advantages and disadvantages of representing databases withusing a form?3. What is a record and what is a field in a database?4. What types of fields can be present in a database?5. Is there a difference between a database and a DBMS? 6. What applications can perform the functions of a simple DBMS?
Please help with a computer science test! This is urgent! I give 30 points!1. An example of a documentary database is a database containing:
a) legislative acts
b) Information about the staff of the institution
c) Information about the financial condition of the institution
2. The database is...
a) Class magazine page
b) Directory of files stored on disk
c) Train timetable
d) Spreadsheet
b) Vector
c) Genealogical tree
d) Two-dimensional table
b) Automatically numbered
c) They are named according to the rules specific to each particular DBMS
d) Numbered according to the rules specific to each particular DBMS
a) One of the fields
b) One entry
c) Multiple entries
d) All records
a) Heterogeneous information (data different types)
b) Exceptionally homogeneous information (data of only one type)
8. The value of the expression 0.7-3>
a) numerical
b) Logical
c) string
d) whole
9. Database management system (DBMS) is ...
10. The model reflects:
e) All essential features
a) text
b) Mathematical
c) Structural
d) Tabular
e) Graphic
c) Modeling subject; goals of modeling and the modeled object
13. Pictures, maps, drawings, diagrams, diagrams, graphs are models of the following type:
a) Tabular information
b) Mathematical models
c) Natural
1. An example of a documentary database is a database containing:
a) legislative acts
b) Information about the personnel of the institution
c) Information about the financial condition of the institution
2. The database is...
3. An example of a hierarchical database is
a) Class magazine page
b) Directory of files stored on disk
c) Train timetable
d) Spreadsheet
4. The most accurate analogue of a relational database can be:
a) An unordered set of data
b) Vector
c) Genealogical tree
d) Two-dimensional table
5. Relational database fields
a) Are arbitrarily named by the user with certain restrictions
b) Automatically numbered
c) They are named according to the rules specific to each particular DBMS
d) Numbered according to the rules specific to each particular DBMS
6. The structure of a relational database changes when deleted:
a) One of the fields
b) One entry
c) Multiple entries
d) All records
7. A relational database record may contain:
a) Heterogeneous information (data of different types)
b) Exceptionally homogeneous information (data of only one type)
c) Only text information
d) Exclusively numerical information
8. The value of the expression 0.7-3>2 refers to the following data type:
a) numerical
b) Logical
c) string
d) whole
9. Database management system (DBMS) is.. .
10. The model reflects:
a) All existing features of the object
b) Some of all existing
c) Significant features in accordance with the purpose of modeling
d) Some essential features of the object
e) All essential features
11. When describing the relationship between the elements of the system, it is most convenient to use the information model of the following type:
a) text
b) Mathematical
c) Structural
d) Tabular
e) Graphic
12. The concept of a model makes sense if:
a) Modeling subject and modeled object
b) Objectives of modeling and the object being modeled
c) Modeling subject; the purpose of modeling and the object being modeled
d) Simulation targets and two different objects
e) Desire to save information about the object
13. Drawings, maps, drawings, diagrams, diagrams, graphs are models of the following type:
a) Tabular information
b) Mathematical models
c) Natural
d) Graphic information
e) Hierarchical information
14. The essence of the main thesis of formalization is the fundamental possibility:
a) Presentation of information on a tangible medium
b) Transfer of information from one object to another
c) Human information processing
d) Storing information in computer memory
e) Separation of the object and its designation
Table structure and design rules
To describe a number of objects that have the same set of properties, tables consisting of columns and rows are most often used.
You are well aware of the tabular presentation of the lesson schedule, the schedules of buses, planes, trains and much more are presented in tabular form.
The information presented in the table is clear, compact and easily visible.
The table may contain information about various properties objects, about objects of the same class and different classes, about separate objects and groups of objects.
A properly formatted table has the following structure:
The following table rules must be observed.
- The title of the table should give an idea of the information it contains.
- Headings of columns and lines should be concise, without unnecessary words and, if possible, abbreviations.
- The table must indicate the units of measurement. If they are common to the entire table, then they are indicated in the table header (either in brackets or separated by a comma after the title). If the units of measurement differ, then they are indicated in the headings of rows or columns.
- It is desirable that all cells of the table be filled. If necessary, they enter the following symbols:
- \(?\) - data unknown;
- × - data is not possible;
- ↓ - data must be taken from the overlying cell.
In order to compile a tabular model based on the information presented in text form, it is necessary:
- Select in the text the names of objects, the names of the properties of objects and the values of the properties of objects;
- Refine the structure of the table;
- “Populate” the table by transferring information from the text into it.
When highlighting object names, property names and their values in the text, it is convenient to underline them with different lines. Let's agree to underline object names with a straight line, property names with a double line, and property values with dashed lines.
Conventionally, the whole set of tables can be divided into simple and complex.
Simple tables
Table of type "object-properties" (OS)
Table type "objects-properties" is a table containing information about the properties of individual objects belonging to the same class.
General view of OS type tables:
The number of rows in the table depends on the number of available objects, and the number of columns on the number of properties under consideration.
This table contains information about some of the ancient Russian cities that store unique monuments of our culture and history and form the world-famous Golden Ring of Russia. This information is reflected in the header of the table.
The following objects are presented in the table: "Vladimir", "Kostroma", Pereslavl-Zalessky" and "Gus-Khrustalny", belonging to the "city" class. For each object, the values of the properties "year of foundation", "founder" and "attraction", expressed in numbers and words, are given.
In small tables (of \(3 - 4\) rows), objects can be listed in any order. If there are many objects in the table, then they must be arranged in some meaningful order, according to some rule. For example, in the table \(2.2\) cities can be listed in alphabetical order, in ascending or descending order of the year they were founded.
If there are more properties in the OS type table than objects, then it can be “turned on its side”: the rows can be turned into graphs, and the graphs into rows.
Table type "objects - objects - one" is a table containing information about a single property of pairs of objects, most often belonging to different classes.
In this table, the head (top header) has a complex (two-tier) structure.
An OOO table can be "turned on its side", rows turned into columns, and columns into rows.
In the LLC type table, one property of a pair of objects is fixed, so its cells always contain values of the same type: either numbers, or words, or graphic images.
Complex tables
Table type "objects - objects - several" (UN)
Table type "objects - objects - several" is a table containing information about several properties of pairs of objects belonging to different classes.
General view of UN type tables:
In this table, the head (top header) has a three-tiered structure.
Information is information obtained from the world around us. According to the form of representation, numerical, textual, graphic, sound, textual and video information is distinguished. Also a convenient form for presenting information is tabular. When asked what is the convenience of a tabular presentation of information, we can safely answer that it is in this form that everything is compactly organized and there is no extra text, so you can quickly find the desired values.
A table for presenting information is characterized by its name, the content of the cells, the number of rows and columns with their names. The main elements of a table view are records - these are rows that contain data. various types and most often refer to one object; fields are columns that usually contain data of the same type; details are specific values that are in the cells of the table being represented.
In order to bring information to a tabular presentation, it is necessary to analyze all the information and determine the objects that the presentation will be about, highlight their properties and relationships with each other. Next, determine the total number of required columns and the order in which they are located, assign names to these columns, and select the order in which rows are placed in the same way with the assignment of names. After that, you can place details or data in the cells of the table.