Alphanumeric characters (BCS) and texts
BCS are the most important component of presentation images, so special attention should be paid to their implementation. Scientific research has proven that the accuracy and speed of reading these symbols from the screen depends on their style and visual conditions of observation.
First factor The thing to consider is the placement of the image field on the screen. The dimensions of the screen itself can be determined by setting the optics to provide a uniform acceptable resolution over the entire screen area without distortion at the edges. Inscriptions, texts and other important information should be placed within "safe" image area, the boundaries of which are 5-10% from the edges of the screen of the corresponding linear size. Therefore, the most important text should be placed in the center of the screen.
Secondly, in the production of type headings, introductory and explanatory credits, one should strive for an orderly and balanced arrangement of the text of screensavers, taking into account the experience of broadcast television. At the same time, word wrapping is highly undesirable in the credits. It is possible to use direct and reverse contrast, namely, dark BCS on a light background, and vice versa in the second. In a well-lit room, it is better to use direct contrast, and in low light, reverse contrast. The change of contrasts during the demonstration should not be frequent, which tires the eyesight, but the reasonable use of this technique can contribute to the development of a certain dynamics of the presentation, break its monotony.
When using colored symbols, it is necessary to take into account their combination. However, in any case, the background of the inscription should not have a richly bright color.
Psychologists have experimentally established the presence of "edge effects", which consist in the fact that characters at the ends of a line (or even single ones) are recognized faster and more accurately than characters inside a line, and a line is read faster if it is isolated. This suggests that the text, consisting of several lines, should be increased in letter height, and short single labels should be formatted in a typical font that applies to the entire presentation style.
Static images
The effectiveness of a particular type of graphic construction depends on the choice of form elements and their organization. Wrong choice of elements, poverty or excessive variety of the alphabet of visual means reduce the informativeness of illustrations.
In a graphic message, as in any other, one can distinguish between semantic and aesthetic parts. When demonstrating them on the screen, of course, semantic accuracy should be ensured, which determines the accuracy of reading information.
The aesthetics of illustrations also deserves the closest attention, as it affects the speed of reading and creates a positive emotional background that contributes to the successful perception and assimilation of information. This is especially important where the quality of homemade illustrations is not yet very high.
Let's move on to theory
There are 2 ways to balance an image: static and dynamic.
Static or static the composition expresses immobility, stability, calmness.
dynamic or dynamic expresses movement, energy, sensation of movement, flight, rotation.
How to make motionless objects move?
One of the rules for constructing a composition is a rule. In such an image, 5 poles can be distinguished that attract attention: the center and 4 corners. The constructed image in large cases will be balanced, but static. Which is great if the goal is to convey calmness, serenity, stability.
But, if the goal is to convey movement or the possibility of movement, or a hint of movement and energy?
First, let's think about which elements of the image have more weight (the ones that attract the eye's attention more) than others.
Large objects > small
Bright > Dark
Painted in warm colors > painted in cold colors
3D objects (3D) > flat objects (2D)
High contrast > low contrast
isolated > cohesive
Regular Shape > Irregular Shape
Sharp, clear > blurry, out of focus
Understanding what is stronger is necessary, so for example, knowing that light elements attract the eye more than dark ones, minor details of the background should not be brighter than the main subject of the image.
Like different elements have different weight, and 5 poles attract attention in different ways. The bottom corners are strong. The power of visual perception increases from left to right. Why is that? We are used to reading from top to bottom and from left to right, so the lower right corner will have more weight, because in this position we are used to finishing =) And the upper left, respectively, will have the least force =)
So, what if we slightly modify the rule of thirds and move slightly from the original lines of the lines, as in the diagram?
according to the rule of thirds, we see four points of intersection, but to create dynamism, 2 of them are shifted to the lower right corner.
The greater the weight of the object and the higher it is located, the greater the visual energy of the image.
e.g. dynamic diagonal composition
Another rule that balances the elements of the image is the pyramid rule. The bottom is heavy and stable. The composition constructed in this way will be static. But you can turn this pyramid over and then the top will be heavy, but the image will still remain balanced, however, already dynamic +)
The presence of diagonal lines gives dynamism to the image, while horizontal lines static.
The only way to understand the difference is to look and draw =)
so some more pictures.
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Probably today, almost every user imagines the basic principle of storage and display graphic information on the computer. However, let's say a few words about this so that the following information about digital video (which is a dynamically changing sequence of images) will be clearer to us.
At first glance, a high-quality picture, being displayed on the screen of a good monitor, is not much different from an ordinary photograph. However, at the level of representation of the image, this difference is simply huge. While a photographic image is created at the molecular level (i.e., its constituent elements are fundamentally indistinguishable by human vision, regardless of magnification), patterns on the monitor screen (and, we emphasize, in computer memory) are formed due to pixels (or pixels) - elementary components of the image (most often) of a rectangular shape. Each pixel has its own specific color, however, due to their small size, individual pixels (almost or not at all) are indistinguishable by the eye, and for a person looking at the picture on the monitor screen, their large cluster creates the illusion of a continuous image (Fig. 1.2).
Note
Images on computer screens are formed using square pixels. Unlike computers, many television standards use rectangular rather than square pixels. The parameter that characterizes the ratio of pixel sizes is the ratio of their horizontal and vertical sizes, or the aspect ratio of a pixel ( pixel aspect ratio). You can learn more about this characteristic in lesson 4..
Rice. 1.2. Computer images are made up of pixels.
Each pixel (by the way, the word pixel formed from the first two letters of English words picture element) represents information about some "average" intensity and color of the corresponding area of the image. The total number of pixels representing a drawing determines its resolution. The more pixels create an image, the more natural it is perceived by the human eye, the higher its resolution, as they say (Fig. 1.3). Thus, the limit of the "quality" of a computer drawing is the size of the pixels that form it. Smaller than pixels, the details of a computer drawing are completely lost and, in principle, unrecoverable. If we look at such a picture with a magnifying glass, then, as we zoom in, we will see only a blurry cluster of pixels (see Fig. 1.2), and not fine details, as would be the case with a high-quality photograph.
Rice. 1.3. The total number of pixels (resolution) determines the image quality
It is worth mentioning here that, firstly, we mean traditional (analogue, not digital) photography (because the principle of digital photography is exactly the same as the discussed principle of forming an image from pixels), and secondly , even for her, when talking about image quality, you should always keep in mind the photography technology itself. After all, the image on the film appears due to the passage of light through the camera lens, and its quality (in particular, the clarity and distinction of small details) directly depends on the quality of the optics. Therefore, strictly speaking, the "infinite" clarity of the traditional photographic image, which we talked about, is somewhat of an exaggeration.
Note
In fact, modern digital cameras allow you to capture an image whose resolution is almost as good as analog (in the sense that it is now possible to digitize such a number of pixels that will "overlap" the resolution limits of the optics itself). However, this fact does not play an important role for the subject of our book, since at present digital video in the overwhelming majority of cases, it is transmitted with a low resolution (relatively low total number pixels) and take into account such a parameter as resolution, it is simply necessary.
So, simplifying a little, to represent the drawing in digital form, it is necessary to cover it with a rectangular grid of size MxN (M dots horizontally and N vertically). This combination of numbers MxN(for example, 320x240, 800x600, etc.) and is called resolution ( resolution) image, or frame size ( frame size). Then, the image structure data within each pixel should be averaged, and the corresponding information about each of the MxN pixels of the image should be written to the graphics file. For a color image, this will be information about the specific color of each pixel (the computer representation of color is written a little later in this section), and for black and white images is information about the intensity of the black color. To explain some more important parameters computer representation of images, let us dwell on their last type in more detail - drawings made in shades of gray ( greyscale), i.e. in gradation from white to black.