A huge selection of diagrams, manuals, instructions and other documentation for different kinds factory-made measuring equipment: multimeters, oscilloscopes, spectrum analyzers, attenuators, generators, R-L-C meters, frequency response, non-linear distortion, resistance, frequency meters, calibrators and much more measuring equipment.
During operation, electrochemical processes constantly occur inside oxide capacitors, destroying the junction of the output with the plates. And because of this, a transient resistance appears, sometimes reaching tens of ohms. The charge and discharge currents cause the area to heat up, further speeding up the destruction process. One more common cause The failure of electrolytic capacitors is the "drying out" of the electrolyte. In order to be able to reject such capacitors, we offer radio amateurs to assemble this simple circuit
Identification and testing of zener diodes is somewhat more difficult than testing diodes, because this requires a voltage source that exceeds the stabilization voltage.
With this homemade set-top box, you can simultaneously observe eight low-frequency or pulse processes on the screen of a single-beam oscilloscope at once. Maximum frequency input signals should not exceed 1 MHz. In amplitude, the signals should not differ much, at least, there should not be more than a 3-5-fold difference.
The device is designed to test almost all domestic digital integrated circuits. They can check microcircuits of the K155, K158, K131, K133, K531, K533, K555, KR1531, KR1533, K176, K511, K561, K1109 series and many others
In addition to measuring capacitance, this attachment can be used to measure Ustab for zener diodes and test semiconductor devices, transistors, diodes. In addition, you can check high-voltage capacitors for leakage currents, which helped me a lot when setting up a power inverter for one medical device
This frequency meter attachment is used to evaluate and measure inductance in the range of 0.2 µH to 4 H. And if capacitor C1 is excluded from the circuit, then when a coil with a capacitor is connected to the input of the attachment, the output will be resonant frequency. In addition, due to the low value of the voltage on the circuit, it is possible to evaluate the inductance of the coil directly in the circuit, without dismantling, I think many repairmen will appreciate this opportunity.
There are many schemes on the Internet digital thermometers, but we chose those that are distinguished by their simplicity, a small number of radio elements and reliability, and you should not be afraid that it is assembled on a microcontroller, because it is very easy to program it.
One of the schemes for a homemade temperature indicator with LED indicator on the LM35 sensor can be used for visual indication of positive temperatures inside the refrigerator and car engine, as well as water in an aquarium or pool, etc. The indication is made on ten conventional LEDs connected to a specialized LM3914 microcircuit, which is used to turn on indicators with a linear scale, and all internal resistances of its divider have the same ratings
If you are faced with the question of how to measure the engine speed from washing machine. We'll give you a simple answer. Of course, you can assemble a simple stroboscope, but there is a more competent idea, for example, using a Hall sensor
Two very simple clock circuits on a PIC and AVR microcontroller. The basis of the first scheme AVR microcontroller Attiny2313 and the second PIC16F628A
So, today I want to consider another project on microcontrollers, but also very useful in the daily work of a radio amateur. This is a digital voltmeter on a microcontroller. Its circuit was borrowed from a radio magazine for 2010 and can be easily converted to an ammeter.
This design describes a simple voltmeter with twelve LED indicators. This measuring device allows you to display the measured voltage in the range of values from 0 to 12 volts in steps of 1 volt, and the measurement error is very low.
A circuit for measuring the inductance of coils and capacitance of capacitors is considered, which is made on only five transistors and, despite its simplicity and accessibility, makes it possible to determine the capacitance and inductance of coils with acceptable accuracy in a wide range. There are four subranges for capacitors and as many as five subranges for coils.
I think most understand that the sound of the system is largely determined by the different signal levels on its separate sections. By controlling these places, we can evaluate the dynamics of the operation of various functional units of the system: obtain indirect data on the gain, introduced distortions, etc. In addition, the resulting signal is simply not always possible to listen to, and therefore, various kinds of level indicators are used.
In electronic structures and systems, there are malfunctions that occur quite rarely and are very difficult to calculate. The proposed home-made measuring device is used to search for possible contact problems, and also makes it possible to check the condition of cables and individual cores in them.
The basis of this circuit is the AVR ATmega32 microcontroller. LCD display with a resolution of 128 x 64 pixels. The oscilloscope circuit on the microcontroller is extremely simple. But there is one significant disadvantage - it is enough low frequency measured signal, only 5 kHz.
This prefix will greatly facilitate the life of a radio amateur, if he needs to wind a homemade inductor, or to determine unknown parameters of the coil in any equipment.
We suggest you repeat the electronic part of the scale circuit on a microcontroller with a load cell, firmware and drawing printed circuit board attached to amateur radio development.
Homemade measuring tester has the following Functionality: frequency measurement in the range from 0.1 to 15000000 Hz with the ability to change the measurement time and display the value of frequency and duration on a digital screen. The presence of a generator option with the ability to adjust the frequency over the entire range from 1-100 Hz and display the results. The presence of an oscilloscope option with the ability to visualize the waveform and measure its amplitude value. The function of measuring capacitance, resistance, as well as voltage in oscilloscope mode.
A simple method for measuring current in an electrical circuit is to measure the voltage drop across a resistor connected in series with a load. But when current flows through this resistance, unnecessary power is generated on it in the form of heat, so it must be chosen as low as possible, which significantly enhances the useful signal. It should be added that the circuits discussed below make it possible to perfectly measure not only direct, but also pulsed current, albeit with some distortion, determined by the bandwidth of the amplifying components.
The device is used to measure the temperature and relative humidity of the air. The humidity and temperature sensor DHT-11 was taken as the primary converter. A homemade measuring device can be used in warehouses and residential areas to monitor temperature and humidity, provided that high accuracy of the measurement results is not required.
Temperature sensors are mainly used to measure temperature. They have different parameters, cost and forms of execution. But they have one big minus, which limits the practice of their use in some places with a high ambient temperature of the measurement object with a temperature above +125 degrees Celsius. In these cases, it is much more advantageous to use thermocouples.
The circuit of the interturn tester and its operation are quite simple and accessible for assembly even by novice electronics engineers. Thanks to this device, it is possible to test almost any transformers, generators, chokes and inductors with a nominal value from 200 μH to 2 H. The indicator is able to determine not only the integrity of the winding under study, but also perfectly detects an interturn circuit, and in addition, it can be used to check p-n junctions for silicon semiconductor diodes.
To measure such an electrical quantity as resistance, a measuring device called an ohmmeter is used. Devices that measure only one resistance are rarely used in amateur radio practice. The majority uses typical multimeters in resistance measurement mode. Within this topic, we will consider a simple circuit An ohmmeter from the Radio magazine and an even simpler one on the Arduino board.
Solar radiation meter (luxmeter)
To help technical and scientific staff, many measuring instruments designed to ensure accuracy, convenience and efficiency. At the same time, for most people, the names of these devices, and even more so the principle of their operation, are often unfamiliar. In this article, we will briefly reveal the purpose of the most common measuring instruments. Information and images of devices were shared with us by the website of one of the suppliers of measuring devices.
Spectrum analyzer- This is a measuring device that serves to observe and measure the relative distribution of the energy of electrical (electromagnetic) oscillations in the frequency band.
Anemometer- a device designed to measure the speed, volume of air flow in a room. The anemometer is used for sanitary and hygienic analysis of territories.
Balometer– a measuring device for direct measurement of the air volume flow on large supply and exhaust ventilation grilles.
Voltmeter is a device that measures voltage.
Gas analyzer- a measuring device for determining the qualitative and quantitative composition of gas mixtures. Gas analyzers are either manual or automatic. Examples of gas analyzers: freon leak detector, hydrocarbon fuel leak detector, particulate number analyzer, flue gas analyzer, oxygen meter, hydrogen meter.
Hygrometer is a measuring device that serves to measure and control the humidity of the air.
Rangefinder- a device that measures distance. The rangefinder also allows you to calculate the area and volume of an object.
Dosimeter- a device designed to detect and measure radioactive emissions.
RLC meter- a radio measuring device used to determine the total conductivity of an electrical circuit and impedance parameters. RLC in the name is an abbreviation of the circuit names of elements whose parameters can be measured by this device: R - Resistance, C - Capacitance, L - Inductance.
Power meter- a device that is used to measure power electromagnetic oscillations generators, amplifiers, radio transmitters and other devices operating in the high-frequency, microwave and optical ranges. Types of meters: absorbed power meters and transmitted power meters.
THD meter- a device designed to measure the coefficient of non-linear distortion (coefficient of harmonics) of signals in radio engineering devices.
Calibrator- a special standard measure that is used for verification, calibration or graduation of measuring instruments.
Ohmmeter, or resistance meter is a device used to measure the resistance to electric current in ohms. Varieties of ohmmeters depending on sensitivity: megaohmmeters, gigaohmmeters, teraohmmeters, milliohmmeters, microohmmeters.
Current clamp- a tool that is designed to measure the amount of current flowing in a conductor. Current clamps allow you to measure without breaking the electrical circuit and without disturbing its operation.
thickness gauge- is a device with which it is possible with high accuracy and without violating the integrity of the coating, to measure its thickness on a metal surface (for example, a layer of paint or varnish, a layer of rust, a primer, or any other non-metallic coating applied to a metal surface).
Luxmeter- This is a device for measuring the degree of illumination in the visible region of the spectrum. Light meters are digital, highly sensitive devices such as luxmeter, brightness meter, pulse meter, UV radiometer.
pressure gauge- a device that measures the pressure of liquids and gases. Types of pressure gauges: general technical, corrosion-resistant, pressure gauges, electrocontact.
multimeter- This is a portable voltmeter that performs several functions at the same time. The multimeter is designed to measure the constant and AC voltage, current, resistance, frequency, temperature, and also allows for continuity and diode testing.
Oscilloscope- This is a measuring device that allows you to monitor and record, measure the amplitude and time parameters of an electrical signal. Types of oscilloscopes: analog and digital, portable and desktop
Pyrometer is a device for non-contact temperature measurement of an object. The principle of operation of the pyrometer is based on measuring the thermal radiation power of the measurement object in the range of infrared radiation and visible light. The accuracy of temperature measurement at a distance depends on the optical resolution.
Tachometer- This is a device that allows you to measure the speed of rotation and the number of revolutions of rotating mechanisms. Types of tachometers: contact and non-contact.
Thermal imager- This is a device designed to observe heated objects by their own thermal radiation. The thermal imager allows you to convert infrared radiation into electrical signals, which are then, in turn, after amplification and automatic processing, converted into a visible image of objects.
Thermohygrometer is a measuring device that simultaneously measures temperature and humidity.
Road defect detector- This is a universal measuring device that allows you to determine the location and direction of cable lines and metal pipelines on the ground, as well as determine the location and nature of their damage.
pH meter is a measuring device designed to measure the hydrogen index (pH index).
Frequency meter– a measuring device for determining the frequency of a periodic process or the frequencies of the harmonic components of the signal spectrum.
Sound level meter- a device for measuring sound vibrations.
Table: Units of measurement and designations of some physical quantities.
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In today's hectic pace of life Appliances allows you to quickly and efficiently cope with household chores. Often she does the work for the person completely. Household appliances are classified according to their intended purpose.
Measuring instruments
The main small technique for measuring various parameters includes:
- Kitchen scales (with a bowl, flat, in the form of a carafe for determining the exact weight, with attachments for hanging).
- Floor scales for determining the weight of a person. For weighing children up to ten kilograms, special scales with a cuvette are produced.
- Steelyards. Designed to replace scales outside the home (fishing, summer cottage, market).
- Clock (floor, table, fireplace). Produced mechanical and electronic.
- Alarms. Can be made from various materials (wood, plastic, glass, stone, metal).
- Thermometers for measuring body temperature, indoor and outdoor air, water temperature.
Computer Engineering
Without technology of this kind, modern man no longer imagines his existence. It includes: - calculators ( portable device for computing operations);
- smartphones (functional mobile phone in the form of a mini-computer);
- tablet and personal computers,
- laptops.
Kitchen appliances
The most extensive segment. By appointment, it is divided into several subgroups.
To save products
Short-term preservation of products from spoilage is performed by refrigerators. Freezers are suitable for longer preservation by freezing.For machining
Eliminates the most difficult and unpleasant work. The mixer makes it possible to quickly mix liquid components. It is used for the preparation of drinks, creams, purees, dough. You can grind denser and harder products with a blender. The meat grinder performs the transformation of meat into minced meat. The food processor allows you to combine all the functions in one device.
For heat treatment
Includes electric or gas stoves. Induction cookers, which heat special dishes using induction current, are very popular. For baking, ovens are produced that allow you to use different modes baking.
No less functional are microwave ovens, bread makers, multicookers, double boilers. Thanks to this household appliances, the food is tasty and healthy. It is enough to place the necessary ingredients there, set the mode and press the button.
Smaller household appliances include:
- grill (fries meat on a grill or skewer);
- convection oven (cooks food by blowing hot air);
- deep fryer (food is cooked in hot oil);
- toaster;
- waffle iron;
- pancake;
- yogurt maker;
- grain germinators and others.
For making drinks
A truly delicious coffee will be brewed by a coffee maker from beans ground in a coffee grinder. Even more functional tool is a coffee machine. The ability to boil water to make tea is provided by electric kettles. To prepare fortified smoothies and juices, you will need a juicer.
Auxiliary equipment
Unwashed dishes are left after cooking. The dishwasher helps with this. To prevent odor, smoke, fumes from entering the kitchen, hoods are installed above the stove. Electric water heaters allow you to heat water.
Home cleaning equipment
The main device for cleaning the premises is a vacuum cleaner. It can be washing, combining the functions of removing dust and washing floors. To eliminate various kinds of contaminants (grease, mold, plaque) from the surface of glasses, taps, tiles without chemicals, steam cleaners and even steam mops are produced.
Appliances for the care of clothes
The following “helpers” are called upon to keep clothes clean and tidy:- Washing machine for removing dirt from clothes and other textiles.
- Drying machine. This folding table with a heat-resistant material cover is able to dry and iron clothes.
- Ironing board. Wrinkled clothes are laid on its surface. The kit usually includes a cord holder, an iron stand, a block for ironing sleeves.
- Iron. Wrinkles are eliminated by exposing clothing to temperature and moisture.
- Sewing machine. Allows you to make or repair clothes, lengthen or shorten the product. Modern machines can embroider, sew on buttons, overcast buttonholes and perform a wide range of finishing stitches.
- Pellets clipper, shoe dryers.
Technology for creating a comfortable microclimate
These include:- air conditioners (heats, cools and cleans the air);
- purifiers (purifies the air);
- sinks and air humidifiers (clean and humidify);
- heating radiators (increase the air temperature);
- fans (blowing with air flow);
- air ionizers (make the air fresh and clean).
- weather stations (they will measure and show the main parameters of the microclimate).
Small home appliances for beauty care
Hair dryers for drying and styling, tongs for curling curls, an iron for straightening strands help to put your hair in order. In the fight against unnecessary "vegetation" are designed to help epilators and electric shavers. The former remove the hairs from the root, the latter cut off, leaving the bulb intact. In the bathroom you can find irrigators (electric toothbrushes) and massagers.Equipment for recreation and entertainment
Thanks to the above home helpers, there is free time. It can be spent listening to music or watching your favorite show or movie. For these purposes, there is the following technique:- music center (designed to play various kinds of media);
- player (plays audio and video files);
- DVD player (reads and plays DVDs);
- television;
- game console;
- radio receiver.
Maria Vyalykh
Women's legs.ru
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Measuring devices have firmly entered human life. Due to the extensive classification of measuring instruments, it is possible to determine exactly the apparatus that is needed for specific operations. It can be both the simplest, like a tape measure or ammeter, and multifunctional measuring instruments. When choosing a device, you should focus on its purpose and main characteristics.
General information
A measuring device is a device that allows you to get the value of some physical quantity in a given range. The latter is set using the instrument scale. And also technical devices allow you to translate values into a more understandable form that is available to a specific operator.
Currently, the list of measuring instruments is quite wide, but most of them designed to control the process. This can be a temperature or cooling sensor in air conditioners, heating furnaces and other devices with a complex design.
Among the names of measuring instruments, there are both simple and complex, including in design. Moreover, the scope of their application can be both highly specialized and widespread.
To find out more information about a particular tool, it is necessary to consider a certain classification of instrumentation and instrumentation.
Depending on what measuring instruments are, their names may differ in different classifications.
Usually devices can be of the following form:
- Analog measuring instruments and devices in which the output signal is some function of the measured value.
- Digital devices, where the output signal is presented in the appropriate form.
- Devices that directly record the results of measurements taken readings.
- Summing and integrating. The former give readings as the sum of several values, while the latter allow you to integrate the value of the measured value using another parameter.
The above instruments are the most common and are used to measure a number of physical quantities. The complexity of the ongoing physical processes requires the use of several devices assigned to different classes.
Device classification
In different areas, their own classification of devices designed to measure physical quantities is used.
Devices can be divided according to such criteria:
- Conversion method: direct action, comparison, mixed transformation.
- According to the method of issuing information, they are divided into showing and registering.
- The type of output information can be represented by both analog and digital signals.
Recording devices are divided into self-recording and printing varieties. The most progressive option is self-recording devices, since they have a higher accuracy of providing information and more opportunities for measuring previously set parameters.
Analog and digital
Digital control instruments can be either digital or analog. The former are considered more convenient. In them, indicators of force, voltage or current are converted into numbers, then displayed on the screen.
But at the same time, inside each such device there is an analog converter. Often it is a sensor that takes and sends readings in order to convert them into a digital code.
While analog instruments are less accurate, they offer simplicity and better reliability. And also there are varieties of analog instruments and devices that incorporate amplifiers and transducers. For a number of reasons, they are preferred over mechanical devices.
For pressure and current
Everyone from school or university is familiar with such names of measuring instruments as barometers and ammeters. The first are designed to measure atmospheric pressure. There are liquid and mechanical barometers.
Liquid varieties are considered professional due to the complexity of the design and the peculiarities of working with them. Weather stations use barometers filled with mercury. They are the most accurate and reliable, allow you to work under temperature extremes and other circumstances. Mechanical designs are simpler, but digital counterparts are gradually replacing them.
Ammeters are used to measure electric current in amps. The ammeter scale can be graduated both in standard amperes and micro-, milli- and kiloamps. It is best to connect such devices in series. In this case, the resistance decreases, and the accuracy of the measured indicators increases.
locksmith tools
Quite often you can find measuring locksmith tools. The most important characteristic is the measurement accuracy. Due to the fact that metalwork tools are mechanical, it is possible to achieve an accuracy of up to 0.005 or 0.1 mm.
If the measurement error exceeds the allowable threshold, then there will be a violation of the technology of the tool. Then it will be necessary to regrind a low-quality part or replace the entire assembly in the device. Therefore, it is important for a mechanic when fitting a shaft to a bushing not to use a ruler, but tools with greater measurement accuracy.
The most popular instrument with high measurement accuracy is a caliper. But even he will not be able to guarantee an accurate result from the first measurement. Experienced workers take several measurements, which are then converted to some average value.
There are operations that require maximum precision. There are many of them in micromachines and individual parts of devices. large size. Then you should use a micrometer. With it, you can measure with an accuracy of hundredths of a millimeter. The common misconception that it can measure microns is not entirely true. Yes, and when carrying out standard homework, such accuracy may not be useful, since it is enough effective values accuracy and error.
Special devices
There is such a well-known device for measuring called goniometer.
Its purpose is to measure the angles of parts, and the design consists of the following items :
- the device itself has a half-disk with a printed measuring scale;
- the ruler has its own mobile sector, where the vernier scale is applied;
- fixing the movable sector of the ruler is carried out with a locking screw.
The process of measuring with such a device is simple. The detail is applied by one of the faces to the ruler. It must be moved in such a way that a uniform and sufficient clearance is formed between the edges and rulers. Then the sector is fixed with a screw. The indicators are taken first from the ruler, and then from the vernier.
Control and measuring devices have found a fairly wide application in various areas of production, household, plumbing and construction work. They differ both in scope and in the possibility of measurement.
All devices can be subdivided according to the method of conversion, output of information and the type of output information, purpose and other criteria. With a good classification, you can find a specific tool for specific tasks and operations.