Many electrical appliances can be repaired or made new with your own hands. For this house, there is always something that can be redone to perform new functions: old Digital Watch, baby car, disused computer and much more. Useful crafts can always be repaired or redone. For work it is better to have a workshop with tools.
Equipped home craftsman's workshop
power unit
Homemade electronic devices need to be powered by different voltages. In particular, an adjustable power supply is needed for soldering. Such an opportunity can be provided by the LM-317 microcircuit, which is a voltage stabilizer.
Diagram of an adjustable power supply
Devices based on this scheme allow you to change output voltage within 1.2-30 V, using a variable resistor P1. The allowable current is 1.5 A, the power of the device depends on the choice of transformer.
Adjustment of the voltmeter is performed by a trimming resistor P2. To do this, set the current to 1 mA at an output voltage of the circuit of 30 V.
The more power is allocated on the microcircuit, the greater the difference between the input and output signals. To reduce heat, it requires a heatsink with a cooler.
A homemade board with an LM-317 chip is placed in a case - a computer power supply. A voltmeter and clamps to the output wires are installed on the front panel made of textolite.
Simple autoprobe
A probe for cars and other purposes should always be at hand at home, in the garage or on the road. The figure below shows a homemade scheme that allows you to check electrical circuits with a resistance of up to 10 kOhm and the presence of a voltage of 6-15 V.
The two indication circuits are connected in series to the battery and in parallel to each other. The first one consists of a resistor R1 and an LED HL1, which lights up when checking the voltage. At the same time, the battery is being charged.
Scheme and design: a) a homemade circuit that allows you to check electrical circuits with a resistance of up to 10 kOhm and the presence of a voltage of 6-15 V; b) self-made design of an autoprobe
When the circuit is being tested, current flows from the battery through circuit HL2, R2. At the same time, the HL2 LED lights up. Its brightness will be greater, the lower the resistance of the circuit.
Like all homemade products, a structural probe can be made different ways, for example, put it in a transparent plastic case, which is easy to glue with your own hands.
Such devices are indispensable when repairing an electrical network or a household appliance at home. Crafts can be more complex and have additional features.
Electric appliances for heat treatment of meat products without the use of fuel are made for a small number of servings and can be used at home or in the country. To prepare a shish kebab, with the help of an electric barbecue, there is no need to spend expensive watch rest, standing on the street at the barbecue.
In specialized stores, you can choose any device, but the price decides a lot. If you have the skills to handle electricity, it will be much cheaper to make an electric barbecue with your own hands.
Designs are made in horizontal or vertical design. The power of the device usually does not exceed 1.5 kW. The meat is heated using a spiral with a tungsten or nichrome filament. All metal parts are made of stainless steel.
Typical devices are vertical heaters in the center and skewers with the product around. They are attached to the top. It is advisable to make skewers in the form of spirals, from which the meat does not slip down during cooking.
Type of vertical electric grill
For high-quality cooking of a shish kebab with your own hands, skewers should be placed as close as possible to the heater, but so that the product does not touch the spiral. When placed at a distance, the meat will not fry, but will dry.
Pieces of the product, no larger than 40 mm in size, are mounted on a skewer, which is placed vertically around the heater. Then the electricity is turned on and the coil is heated.
The basis of the heater is a heat-resistant ceramic tube, on which a spiral is wound. Mounting at the bottom is done using a special cartridge.
In the round base, special cups are attached to collect fat and a frame that serves to hold the skewers vertically.
Cups are made from stainless steel. From below, they have cruciform protrusions, which are inserted into the slots of the base. Inside they have mounted devices for attaching skewers. Fixing the cup on both sides allows them to hold the skewers vertically.
The connection must be strong and at the same time easy to disassemble for cleaning. You can make a common removable tray for all skewers.
The cross section of the supply wire is selected according to the power of the heater (2.5 or 4 mm 2). At home or in the country, there should be a 16 A socket for it.
timer for watering plants
Devices with timers are used for drip irrigation of a site from a container at a certain time. They can be connected to valves with any capacity.
Often branded devices do not provide the required reliability. Then the old ones come to the rescue Wall Clock, which are serviceable, but are no longer used at home. Small magnets are attached to the ends of the minute and hour hands, and 3 reed switches on the dial.
Timer scheme for watering plants, in which a wall clock is applied
As soon as the hour hand reaches the number 7, and the minute hand reaches 12, which corresponds to the time of 7 hours, the reed switches SA1 and SA3 are triggered and the signal opens the solenoid valve. After 2 hours, the hands will move to 9 and 12, and the current through the contacts of the reed switches SA1 and SA2 will be supplied to close the valve.
The diagram shows a "rain sensor", which in wet weather closes the transistor VT1 and the valve remains permanently closed. Also provided manual control electrovalve through buttons S1 and S2.
The clock can be set to any time the valve is turned on.
Car with remote control
Homemade radio-controlled models capture not only children, but also adults. They can be used to play at home or arrange real competitions in the yard. To assemble with your own hands, you will need a chassis with wheels, an electric motor and a body.
There is a large assortment on sale, but first of all, you need to decide which machine is best to make. The control panel can be wired or radio controlled.
When choosing parts, you should pay attention to their quality. There should be no notches, inclusions and other mechanical defects on the plastic. The wheels are sold with the chassis and should turn easily. Grip with the surface is better provided by rubber. Plastic wheels in this regard are much worse.
It is better for a beginner to take an electric motor, which is cheaper and easier to maintain than an internal combustion engine. You can choose any case or make according to your sketch.
The motor, battery and radio unit with antenna are mounted on the chassis of a mini-car. If a kit with accessories is purchased, assembly instructions are included with it.
After installing the parts, the operation of the motor is regulated. The body on the chassis is installed after everything works.
You can assemble mini-copies at home as follows:
- the car is assembled carefully and by common efforts;
- materials of parts of the model may differ from the original;
- small and insignificant details can be omitted.
The model can be made without looping on a certain brand of car. Much depends on finances and the availability of free time. Assembling a mini-car at home with a child is of great educational value.
Work on assembling the car model is carried out according to plan. Some parts need to be bought, but old toys can be used.
The motor must match the weight of the device in terms of power. Fresh batteries or accumulators are used for power.
If you use a special autoconstructor, crafts can be very diverse. Assembly sequence:
- the frame is assembled first;
- the motor is mounted and adjusted;
- a power supply is installed;
- an antenna with a radio unit is fixed;
- wheels are installed and adjusted.
Types of radio-controlled car models
Many homemade tricks are revealed in this video.
Electronic homemade products can make life more comfortable and save a lot of money. In addition, you can find a use for old electrical appliances so that they do not gather dust in the pantry without a purpose. Useful do-it-yourself crafts often turn out to be better than factory-made products.
Those who are engaged in radio electronics at home are usually very inquisitive. Amateur radio circuits and homemade products will help you find a new direction in creativity. Perhaps someone will find an original solution to a particular problem. Some homemade products use ready-made devices, connecting them in various ways. For others, you need to completely create the circuit yourself and make the necessary adjustments.
One of the most simple homemade. More suitable for those who are just starting to tinker. If you have an old but working cell phone push-button telephone with the player's power button, you can make it, for example, door bell to your room. Benefits of this call:
First you need to make sure that the selected phone is capable of producing a sufficiently loud melody, after which it must be completely disassembled. Basically, the parts are fastened with screws or brackets, which are carefully bent. When disassembling, you will need to remember what goes for what, so that later you can reassemble everything.
The player's power button is soldered on the board, and two short wires are soldered instead. These wires are then glued to the board so as not to tear off the solder. The phone is going. It remains to connect the phone to the call button through a two-wire wire.
Homemade for cars
Modern cars are equipped with everything you need. However, there are times when it is simply necessary homemade devices. For example, something broke, given to a friend, and the like. Then the ability to create electronics with your own hands at home will be very useful.
The first thing you can intervene in without fear of damaging the car is the battery. If at the right time charging for the battery was not at hand, you can quickly assemble it yourself. This will require:
Ideal transformer for tube TV. Therefore, those who are fond of homemade electronics never throw away electrical appliances in the hope that they will someday be needed. Unfortunately, two types of transformers were used: with one and with two coils. To charge the battery at 6 volts, anyone will go, and for 12 volts, only with two.
The wrapping paper of such a transformer shows the winding leads, the voltage for each winding, and the operating current. For powering filaments electronic tubes a voltage of 6.3 V with a large current is used. The transformer can be redone by removing unnecessary secondary windings, or left as is. In this case, the primary and secondary windings are connected in series. Each primary is designed for a voltage of 127 V, therefore, by combining them, they get 220 V. The secondary ones are connected in series to get 12.6 V at the output.
Diodes must be capable of withstanding at least 10 A. Each diode requires a heat sink of at least 25 square centimeters. They are connected to a diode bridge. Any electrical insulating plate is suitable for fastening. A 0.5 A fuse is included in the primary circuit, and 10 A in the secondary circuit. The device does not tolerate a short circuit, therefore, when connecting the battery, the polarity must not be confused.
Simple heaters
In the cold season, it may be necessary to warm up the engine. If the car is parked where there is electricity, this problem can be solved with a heat gun. For its manufacture you will need:
- asbestos pipe;
- nichrome wire;
- fan;
- switch.
The diameter of the asbestos pipe is selected according to the size of the fan to be used. The performance of the heater will depend on its power. Pipe length is everyone's preference. Can be collected in it a heating element and fan, you can only heater. When choosing last version you will have to think about how to let the air flow to the heating element. This can be done, for example, by placing all components in a sealed enclosure.
Nichrome wire is also selected by the fan. The more powerful the latter, the larger diameter nichrome can be used. The wire is twisted into a spiral and placed inside the pipe. Bolts are used for fastening, which are inserted into pre-drilled holes in the pipe. The length of the spiral and their number are chosen empirically. It is desirable that the coil does not heat up red-hot when the fan is running.
The choice of fan will determine how much voltage you need to apply to the heater. When using a 220 V electric fan, you will not need to use an additional power source.
The entire heater is connected to the network through a cord with a plug, but it must have its own switch. It can be either just a toggle switch or an automatic one. The second option is more preferable, it allows you to protect common network. To do this, the tripping current of the machine must be less than the tripping current of the room machine. Still need a switch quick shutdown heater in case of malfunction, for example, if the fan does not work. Such a heater has its drawbacks:
- harm to the body from asbestos pipes;
- noise from a running fan;
- the smell of dust falling on a heated coil;
- fire hazard.
Some problems can be solved by applying another homemade product. Instead of an asbestos pipe, you can use a coffee can. So that the spiral does not close on the jar, it is attached to a textolite frame, which is fixed with glue. A cooler is used as a fan. To power it, you will need to assemble another electronic device - a small rectifier.
Homemade products bring to the one who deals with them not only satisfaction, but also benefit. With their help, you can save electricity, for example, by turning off electrical appliances that you forgot to turn off. For this purpose, you can use a time relay.
The easiest way to create a timing element is to use the charge or discharge time of a capacitor through a resistor. Such a chain is included in the base of the transistor. The diagram will require the following details:
- high capacity electrolytic capacitor;
- transistor pnp type;
- electromagnetic relay;
- diode;
- variable resistor;
- fixed resistors;
- DC source.
First you need to determine what current will be switched through the relay. If the load is very powerful, you will need to connect it magnetic switch. The starter coil can be connected via a relay. It is important that the relay contacts can operate freely without sticking. According to the selected relay, a transistor is selected, it is determined with what current and voltage it can work. You can focus on KT973A.
The base of the transistor is connected through a limiting resistor to a capacitor, which, in turn, is connected through a bipolar switch. The free contact of the switch is connected through a resistor to the minus power supply. This is necessary to discharge the capacitor. The resistor acts as a current limiter.
The capacitor itself is connected to the positive bus of the power supply through a variable resistor with a large resistance. By selecting the capacitance of the capacitor and the resistance of the resistor, you can change the delay time interval. The relay coil is shunted by a diode that turns on in the opposite direction. This circuit uses KD 105 B. It closes the circuit when the relay is de-energized, protecting the transistor from breakdown.
The scheme works as follows. IN original state the base of the transistor is disconnected from the capacitor, and the transistor is closed. When the switch is turned on, the base is connected to the discharged capacitor, the transistor opens and supplies voltage to the relay. The relay operates, closes its contacts and supplies voltage to the load.
The capacitor begins to charge through a resistor connected to the positive terminal of the power supply. As the capacitor charges, the base voltage begins to rise. At a certain voltage value, the transistor closes, de-energizing the relay. The relay disconnects the load. To make the circuit work again, you need to discharge the capacitor, for this the switch is switched.
For those who are just starting to take their first steps in electronics, it is important to start somewhere. Well, here are some ideas that might come in handy in the future and give you an idea of how things should be done at the same time. What to choose if you want to make simple ones with your own hands? Here are options that can be used in everyday life.
Simple power control for smooth turning on of lamps
This type of device is widely used. The simplest is a conventional diode that is connected in series with the load. Such regulation can be used to extend the life of the incandescent lamp, as well as to prevent overheating of the soldering iron. They can also be used to change power over a wide range of values. The simplest ones will come first. electronic homemade with your own hands. You can see the diagrams here.
How to protect yourself from mains voltage fluctuations
This device disconnects the load if the mains voltage is out of range. As a rule, a deviation of up to 10% from the standard is considered within the normal range. But due to the peculiarities of the energy supply system in our country, such frameworks are not always respected. So, the voltage can be 1.5 times higher, or much lower than necessary. The result is often unpleasant - the equipment fails. Therefore, there is a need for a device that will turn off the load before something has time to burn out. But when creating such a homemade product, you must be careful, since the work will be carried out with considerable stress.
How to make a safety transformer
Transformerless power supplies are often used in various electronic designs. Typically, such devices have low power, and to avoid electrical shock, they are placed in an insulating plastic case. But sometimes they need to be configured, and then the protection is opened. To avoid possible injury, a safety isolation transformer is used. It will also be useful in the repair of such devices. Structurally, they consist of two identical windings, each of which is designed for the network. As a rule, the power of transformers of this type ranges from 60-100 W, these are the optimal parameters for setting up various electronics.
Simple emergency light source
What to do if it is necessary that in the event of a power outage, the illumination of some area is maintained? The answer to such challenges can be an emergency luminaire, made on the basis of a standard energy saving lamp, the power of which does not exceed 11 watts. So if it is necessary that the light be somewhere in the corridor, utility room or workplace, this homemade product will come in handy. Usually, when voltage is present, they operate directly from the network. When it disappears, the lamp starts to function on battery power. When the mains voltage is restored, the lamp will work and the battery will automatically charge. The best do-it-yourself electronic homemade products were left at the end of the article.
Soldering iron boost controller
In cases where it is necessary to solder massive parts or the mains voltage often drops, the use of a soldering iron becomes problematic. And a step-up power regulator can help out of this situation. In these cases, the load (i.e. soldering iron) is powered by a rectified mains voltage. The change is carried out using an electrolytic capacitor, the capacity of which allows you to get a voltage of more than 1.41 network. So, with a standard voltage value of 220 V, it will give 310 V. And if there is a drop, say, to 160 V, it turns out that 160 * 1.41 \u003d 225.6 V, which will allow you to operate optimally. But this is just an example. You have the opportunity to make a scheme suitable specifically for your conditions.
The simplest twilight switch (photo relay)
As new parts are created, fewer and fewer components are now needed to make some kind of device. So, for a conventional twilight switch, only 3 of them are needed. Moreover, due to the versatility of the design, multi-purpose use is also possible: in apartment building; to illuminate the porch or courtyard of a private dwelling, or even a separate room. Pointing to the features of such a design as a twilight switch, they also call it a “photo relay”. You can find many implementation schemes that were made either by amateurs or industrialists. They have their own set of positive and negative properties. As negative properties, either the need for a constant voltage source, or the complexity of the circuit itself is usually called. Also, when buying cheap and simple parts or whole sets, they often complain that they simply burn. The functionality of the scheme is based on three components:
- Photocell. It is usually understood as photoresistors, phototransistors and photodiodes.
- Comparator.
- Triac, or relay.
When there is daylight, the resistance of the photocell is small, and does not exceed the response threshold. But as soon as it gets dark, the construction will be turned on at the same moment.
Conclusion
Here are some interesting do-it-yourself electronic homemade products you can do. The main thing in cases where something does not work out is to keep trying, and then everything will work out. And as you gain experience, you can move on to more complex schemes.
One of the common hobbies of amateurs and professionals in the field of electronics is the design and manufacture of various homemade products for the home. Electronic homemade products do not require large material and financial costs and can be performed at home, since work with electronics is, for the most part, “clean”. The only exception is the manufacture of various body parts and other mechanical components.
Useful electronic homemade products can be used in all areas of life, from the kitchen to the garage, where many are engaged in improvements and repairs. electronic devices car.
DIY in the kitchen
Homemade kitchen electronics can be an addition to existing accessories and accessories. Industrial and home-made electric barbecue grills are very popular among residents of apartments.
Another common example of do-it-yourself home-made kitchen products by a home electrician is timers and automatic switching on of lighting above work surfaces, electric ignition of gas burners.
Important! Changing the design of some household appliances, especially gas appliances, can cause "misunderstanding and rejection" of regulatory organizations. In addition, it requires great care and attention.
Electronics in the car
Home-made devices for a car are most widely used among owners of domestic brands of transport, which differ in a minimum number additional features. The following schemes are in great demand:
- Sound signaling devices of turns and inclusion of a manual brake;
- Operating mode indicator battery and a generator.
More experienced radio amateurs are engaged in equipping their car with parking sensors, electronic window lifters, automatic light sensors to control low beam headlights.
Homemade for beginners
Most beginner radio amateurs are engaged in the manufacture of structures that do not require high qualifications. Simple proven designs can serve for a long time and not only for the sake of benefit, but also as a reminder of the technical "growing up" from a novice radio amateur to a professional.
For inexperienced hobbyists, many manufacturers produce ready-made construction kits that contain a printed circuit board and a set of elements. Such kits allow you to develop such skills:
- Reading circuit and wiring diagrams;
- Correct soldering;
- Adjustment and adjustment according to the finished method.
Among the sets, electronic watches of various versions and degrees of complexity are very common.
As a field of application of knowledge and experience, radio amateurs can design electronic toys using simpler circuits or reworking industrial designs to their wishes and capabilities.
Interesting ideas for crafts can be seen in the examples of making radio-electronic crafts from worn out parts of computer technology.
home workshop
For self-construction of radio-electronic devices, a certain minimum of tools, fixtures and measuring instruments :
- soldering iron;
- Side cutters;
- Tweezers;
- Screwdriver Set;
- pliers;
- Multifunction tester (avometer).
On a note. When planning to do electronics with your own hands, you should not immediately take on complex designs and purchase an expensive tool.
Most radio amateurs started their journey with the use of the simplest soldering iron 220V 25-40W, and from the measuring instruments in the home laboratory, the most massive Soviet tester Ts-20 was used. All this is enough for practicing with electricity, acquiring the necessary skills and experience.
It makes no sense for a novice radio amateur to buy an expensive soldering station if there is no necessary experience with a conventional soldering iron. Moreover, the possibility of using the station will not appear soon, but only after the lapse of sometimes quite a long time.
There is also no need for professional measuring equipment. The only serious device that even a novice amateur may need is an oscilloscope. For those already versed in electronics, the oscilloscope is one of the most sought-after measurement tools.
Inexpensive Chinese-made digital instruments can be successfully used as an avometer. With rich functionality, they have high measurement accuracy, ease of use and, importantly, have a built-in module for measuring transistor parameters.
Speaking about the home workshop at homemade, one cannot fail to mention the materials used for soldering. It's solder and flux. The most common solder is the POS-60 alloy, which has a low melting point and provides high soldering reliability. Most of the solders used for soldering various devices are analogues of the mentioned alloy and can be successfully replaced with it.
Ordinary rosin is used as a flux for soldering, but for ease of use it is better to use its solution in ethyl alcohol. Rosin-based fluxes do not require removal from installation after operation, since they are chemically neutral under most operating conditions, and a thin film of rosin formed after evaporation of the solvent (alcohol) exhibits good protective properties.
Important! When soldering electronic components under no circumstances should active fluxes be used. This is especially true of soldering acid (zinc chloride solution), since even under normal conditions such a flux has a destructive effect on thin copper printed conductors.
For tinning highly oxidized leads, it is better to use an active acid-free flux LTI-120, which does not require rinsing.
It is very convenient to work using solder, which includes flux. The solder is made in the form of a thin tube, inside of which there is rosin.
Prototyping boards made of double-sided foil fiberglass, which are produced in a wide range, are well suited for mounting elements.
Security measures
Doing electricity is associated with a risk to health and even life, especially if do-it-yourself electronics are designed with mains power. Homemade electrical devices should not use transformerless power from a household network alternating current. As a last resort, such devices should be configured by connecting them to the network through an isolation transformer with a transformation ratio equal to one. The voltage at its output will correspond to the mains voltage, but at the same time, reliable galvanic isolation will be provided.
Every day it becomes more and more, there are many new articles, it is rather difficult for new visitors to immediately orient themselves and revise everything already written and previously posted at once.
I really want to draw the attention of all visitors to individual articles that were posted on the site earlier. In order not to have to look for a long time necessary information I will make several "entry pages" with links to the most interesting and useful articles on selected topics.
Let's call the first such page "Useful electronic homemade products". Here we consider simple electronic circuits, which are available for implementation to people of any level of training. The schemes are built using a modern electronic database.
All information in the articles is presented in a very accessible form and in the amount necessary for practical work. Naturally, to implement such circuits, you need to understand at least the basics of electronics.
So, a selection of the most interesting articles on the site on the subject "Useful electronic homemade products". The author of the articles is Boris Aladyshkin.
The modern element base of electronics greatly simplifies circuitry. Even an ordinary twilight switch can now be assembled from just three parts.
The article describes a simple and reliable electric pump control circuit. Despite the extreme simplicity of the circuit, the device can operate in two modes: water lifting and drainage.
The article presents several schemes of apparatus for spot welding.
With the help of the described design, it is possible to determine whether a mechanism located in another room or building is working or not. The information about the work is the vibration of the mechanism itself.
A story about what a safety transformer is, why it is needed and how you can make it yourself.
Description simple device, disconnecting the load in the event that the mains voltage goes beyond the permissible limits.
The article discusses a simple thermostat circuit using an adjustable zener diode TL431.
An article on how to make a lamp soft start device using the KR1182PM1 chip.
Sometimes, with low voltage in the network or soldering massive parts, it becomes simply impossible to use a soldering iron. This is where a step-up power regulator for a soldering iron can come to the rescue.
An article about what can replace the mechanical thermostat of an oil heating radiator.
Description of a simple and reliable thermostat circuit for a heating system.
The article describes the converter circuit made on a modern element base, containing a minimum number of parts and allowing to obtain significant power in the load.
Article about various ways connecting the load to the control unit on microcircuits using relays and thyristors.
Description of a simple scheme for controlling LED garlands.
The design of a simple timer that allows you to turn on and off the load at specified intervals. Working time and pause time are independent of each other.
Description of the scheme and principle of operation of a simple emergency lamp based on an energy-saving lamp.
A detailed story about the popular "laser-iron" manufacturing technology printed circuit boards, its features and nuances.