a. Collection of information
b. Information processing
in. Entering information
d. Information storage
2. A personal computer consists of blocks:
a. Mouse
b. Keyboard
in. hardware block
Xerox
3. The keyboard is used for:
a. Typing
b. Like a palm rest
in. Entering commands
d. Drive input
4. In system unit are:
a. Hard drive
b.Memory
in. Keyboard
g. Processor
6. The hard disk can be of the following volumes:
a. 1.44 MB
b. 1 GB
in. 40 GB
800 Mb
7. Printers are:
a. Laser
b. Xero-copying
in. Drip jet
copying
8. The modem is used for:
a. Access to the Internet
b. To transfer information over a telephone line
in. for gaming over LAN
g. to convert sounds
9. Multimedia is an association:
a. sound
b. Printer
in. Video
Kolonok
10. Discs are:
a) Magnetic
b) solid
c) soft
d) liquid
11. A computer is ...
a. Electronic device with keyboard and screen.
b. A device for performing calculations.
in. A universal device for storing, processing and transmitting information.
d. Game device
12. The minimum basic set of computer devices includes ...
a. Monitor, keyboard, system unit.
b. Drive, printer, monitor.
in. Monitor, printer, keyboard.
monitor, scanner, keyboard.
13. Specify in which of the device groups the I / O information devices are listed
a. Streamer, hard drive, mouse.
b. Monitor, printer, keyboard.
in. Winchester, laser disc, diskette.
floppy disk, mouse, printer
14. Specify in which of the device groups input devices are listed
a. Printer, hard drive, mouse.
b. Mouse, keyboard, joystick, light pen, scanner.
in. monitor, printer, plotter, sound speakers.
g. scanner, monitor, plotter.
15. Specify which of the listed groups of devices belongs to the external memory of the computer?
a. Monitor, diskette, mouse.
b. disk drive, diskette, RAM.
c. Magnetic tape, laser disc, floppy disk.
g. drive, monitor, HDD.
16. What output device can be used to get a paper copy of a document?
a. Monitor.
b. Printer.
in. Scanner.
d. keyboard.
17. Where is the information stored (does not disappear) after turning off the power of the computer?
a. In RAM.
b. in permanent memory.
in. in the processor.
d. In the monitor.
18. Where is the hard drive usually located?
a. In the monitor.
b. in the system block.
in. In the drive.
d. In the printer.
19. What device is designed to convert and transfer information between remote computers?
a. CPU.
b. Drive.
in. Modem.
g. monitor
20. Video memory is a part of RAM that is designed to ...
a. storage text information.
b. Storing information about graphic image on the screen.
in. Permanent storage of graphic information.
d. Sound storage.
from which the operating system is loaded?
a boot drive
b boot diskette
c boot partition
2 graphic format name. image used in windows
a pdf
b xml
c.bmp
3 the name of the initial record on the disk, where the information necessary for the OS to work with the disk is recorded
a bootstrap
b boot partition
c boot-sector
4the wine program is designed to perform the function:
and for setting up and running an ssh server
b to run windows programs on Linux OS
c to launch the virtual box emulator
d to start VMware
e to run graph. gnome os linux interface
5 piece of information left on the web client computer by a program running on the web server side. used to save data specific to a given client.
a trojan-spy.win32 spyware
b cookie
c virus browser blocker
d virus banner
6 What is the name of the memory standard and technology that doubles the data transfer rate between memory and processor?
and dds
b dec
cddr
d dsl
7what is the name of the software component that allows you to interact with computer devices
a dsl
b dream weaver
c-deriver
d dynamic languages
8what is the name of the information barrier that prohibits access to the protected network of all protocols except those allowed
a flash
b firewall
c file fragmentation
d fire wire
9 protocol for transferring data between computers. tct protocol is used as a transport mechanism for transmission
a Bluetooth
b wifi
c ftp
d irDA
12. what is the name of the interface standard in wireless communication?
a ieee
ieee 802.11
c igmp
d ieee 802.11b/g/n
14 name the program for creating a presentation, an analogue of powerpoint mo
a draw
b impress
c math
dbase
17 technology for converting many internal ip addresses of the network into external addresses used to communicate with the Internet?
a dns
b http
with nat
dip v4
18. In these batteries, instead of poisonous cadmium, metal compounds with hydrogen are used.
a li-ion soni ericsson
b li-polymer Nokia
c nickel metal hydride gp
20 what program expands the possibilities of some software package
a playlist
b plug-in
c portable soft
dpe-file
21 special file formats developed by Microsoft for exchanging rich text documents
a txt
b djvu
c.rtf
dpdf
e fb2
22 what are the names of the connectors for installing various types of processors of the 486, pentium and pentium pro families on the motherboard
a socket 7
sosket 478
c socket 1-8
d sosket 486
23 which program is not an OS emulator
and qemu
b virtual box
moba live CD
d vmware player
g wine
24 what function does the file with the vmdk extension perform
a description of the parameters of the virtual hard drive
b main config. virtual OS file
c permanent memory ram
d swap file virtual machine
25 what evaluation period is set, for the user, in the computer Microsoft program virtual pc 2007
a free use 30 days
b bp 60 days
c bp 10 days
d the period of use is not set
no payment required upon installation
for processing tabular structured data
2) Application program for processing code tables
3) A PC device that manages its resources in the process of processing tabular data
4) System program that controls the processing of tabular data
Question 2. ET is for
1) processing of numerical data presented in the form of tables
2) orderly storage and processing of significant data arrays
3) visualization of structural relationships between data presented in the form of tables
4) editing large amounts of information
Question 3. ET is
1) a set of numbered columns and rows named in Latin letters
2) a set of numbered rows and columns named in Latin letters
3) a set of numbered rows and columns
4) set of rows and columns
Question 4. ET lines
1) are named arbitrarily by the user
2) are indicated by the letters of the Latin language
3) are indicated by the letters of the Russian language
4) are numbered
Question 5. Columns ET
1) are indicated by the letters of the Russian language
2) are numbered
3) are indicated by the letters of the Latin language
4) are named arbitrarily by the user
Question 6. For the user, the ET cell is identified
1) the address of the OP machine word allocated for the cell
2) special code word
3) by sequentially specifying the column name and row number, at the intersection of which the cell is located
4)name given by the user
Question 7. Computational formulas in ET cells are written
1) in the usual mathematical notation
2) in a special way using built-in functions and according to the rules adopted for writing expressions in programming languages
3) according to the rules adopted exclusively for spreadsheets
4) according to the rules of mathematics
Question 8. Expression 3 (A1 + B1): 5 (2B1-3A2), written in accordance with the rules,
accepted in mathematics, in ET, has the form
1)3* (А1+В1)/(5*(2*В1-3*А2))
2)3(A1+B1)/5*(2B1-3A2)
3)3(А1+В1)/(5*(2В1-3А2))
4)3*(A1+B1)/5*(2*B1-3*A2)
Question 9. Among the above, find the formula for ET
2)A1=A3*B8+12
Question 10
1) signs of arithmetic operations
2) numeric expressions
3) cell names
Question 11. When moving or copying to ET absolute links
1) do not change
2) are transformed regardless of the new position of the formula
3) are transformed depending on the new position of the formula
Question 12 relative links
1) are converted depending on the new position of the formula
2) do not change
3) are transformed regardless of the new position of the formula
4) are converted depending on the length of the formula
Question 13
1) a set of cells that form a rectangular area in the table
2) all cells of one row
3) all cells of one column
4)set allowed values
Question 14. Active cell is a cell
1) for writing formulas
2) to write numbers
3) to write numbers, formulas, text
4) in which data entry is performed
Question 15. What formula will be obtained by copying the formula from E2 to E4?
Question 16. What formula will be obtained by copying the formula from E2 to E4?
Question 17. What formula will be obtained by copying the formula from E2 to E4?
Question 18. What will be the value in cell C1 if you enter the formula \u003d A1 + B1 into it?
Question 19. What will be the value in cell C1 if you enter the formula into it
SUM(A1:B1)*2?
Question 20. Sorting is called
1) the process of finding the largest and smallest elements of the array
2) the process of partial ordering of some set
3) any process of permutation
4) the process of linear ordering of some set
test 7 easy multiple choice questions13. Processor clock speed is:
A. the number of binary operations performed by the processor per unit of time
B. the number of pulses generated per second that synchronize the operation of computer nodes
C. the number of possible processor accesses to RAM per unit time
D. speed of information exchange between the processor and input / output devices
14. Specify the minimum required set of devices designed to operate the computer:
A. printer, system unit, keyboard
B. processor, RAM, monitor, keyboard
C. processor, streamer, hard drive
D. monitor, system unit, keyboard
15. What is a microprocessor?
A. an integrated circuit that executes the commands received at its input and controls
Computer work
B. a device for storing those data that are often used at work
C. device for displaying text or graphic information
D. alphanumeric output device
16. User interaction with the software environment is carried out using:
B. file system
C. Applications
d. file manager
17.Direct control software tools the user can carry out
Help:
A. operating system
B. GUI
C. UI
d. file manager
18. Ways of storing data on a physical medium determines:
A. operating system
B. application software
C. file system
d. file manager
19. Graphical environment that displays objects and controls Windows systems,
Designed for user convenience:
A. hardware interface
b. user interface
C. desktop
d. software interface
20. Computer speed depends on:
A. CPU clock speed
B. Whether or not a printer is connected
C. operating system interface organization
D. external storage space
Multi-computer complex(MMVC) - a complex that includes two or more computers (each of which has a processor, RAM, a set of peripheral devices and operates under its own operating system), the connections between which ensure the performance of the functions assigned to the complex.
The goals that are set when combining computers into a complex can be different, and they determine the nature of the connections between computers. Most often, the main goal of creating a MMVC is either to increase productivity, or to increase reliability, or both at the same time. However, when achieving the same goals, communications between computers can differ significantly.
According to the nature of the connections between computers, complexes can be divided into three types: indirectly, or weakly connected; directly connected; satellite.
AT indirectly-, or loosely bound, complexes Computers are connected to each other only through external storage devices (VZU). To provide such connections, VZU control devices with two or more inputs are used. Structural scheme such MMVC is shown in fig. 1.5. Note that hereinafter, for simplicity, schemes for two-machine complexes are given. With three or more computers, the complexes are built in a similar way. In indirectly connected complexes, communication between computers is carried out only at the information level. The exchange of information is carried out mainly according to the principle " mailbox”, i.e. each of the computers places information in a common external memory, guided by own program, and, accordingly, the other computer receives this information, based on its needs. Such an organization of connections is usually used in those cases when the task is to increase the reliability of the complex by redundant computers. In this case, the computer, which is the main one, solves the given problems, produces results and constantly leaves in the general VZU all the information necessary to continue the solution from any moment in time. The second computer, which is a standby computer, can be in a standby state, so that in the event of a failure of the main computer, at the signal of the operator, start performing functions using information stored in the common VRAM of the main computer.
Rice. 2.2. Connections between computers and MMVC
With such a connection, there can be several ways to organize the work of the complex.
1. The backup computer is in the off state (unloaded reserve) and is turned on only if the main computer fails. Naturally, in order for the backup computer to start producing results instead of the main one, it will take a certain time, which is determined by the time required to turn on the computer, its entry into the mode, as well as the time allotted to check its serviceability. This time can be quite long. Such an organization is possible when the system in which the computer operates is not critical in relation to some interruptions or stops in the process of solving problems. This is usually the case when the computer does not provide control information.
2. The backup computer is in a state of full readiness and at any time can replace the main computer (loaded reserve), and either does not solve any problems, or works in self-control mode, solving control problems. In this case, the transition in work from the main to the backup computer can be carried out quite quickly, with virtually no interruption in the issuance of results. However, it should be noted that the main computer updates the information necessary to continue the solution in the general VZU, not continuously, but with a certain discreteness, so the backup computer starts solving problems, returning some time ago. Such an organization is also admissible in those cases when the computer works directly in the control loop, and the controlled process is rather slow and the return in time does not have a noticeable effect.
When organizing work on the first and second options, computers are used irrationally: one computer is always idle. Downtime can be avoided by loading the computer with the solution of some auxiliary tasks that are not related to the main process. This increases the efficiency of the system - performance is almost doubled.
3. In order to completely eliminate a break in the issuance of results, both computers, both the main and the backup, solve the same tasks at the same time, but only the main computer will give the results, and in the event of a failure, the backup computer starts to produce results. In this case, the common VZU is used only for mutual control. Sometimes such a complex is supplemented with a device for comparing the results for the purpose of control. If three computers are used in this case, then it is possible to use the voting method, when the final result is issued only if the results of solving the problem from at least two computers coincide. This increases both the reliability of the complex as a whole and the reliability of the output results. Of course, in this variant, high reliability and efficiency are achieved very quickly. high price– increase in the cost of the system.
It should be noted that with any organization of work and a loosely coupled MMVC, the switching of the computer is carried out either by the operator's commands, or with the help of additional means that monitor the health of the computer and generate the necessary signals. In addition, a quick transition to work from the main to the backup computer is possible only with low efficiency of equipment use.
Significantly greater flexibility is possessed by directly connected MMVCs. In directly connected complexes, there are three types of connections (Fig. 1.5): total RAM (OOZU); direct control, otherwise communication processor (P) - processor; adapter channel - channel (ACC).
Communication through shared RAM is much stronger than communication through OCD. Although the first connection is also information communication and the exchange of information is carried out according to the “mailbox” principle, however, due to the fact that processors have direct access to RAM, all processes in the system can proceed at a significantly higher speed, and gaps in the issuance of results when switching from the main computer to the backup are reduced to a minimum . The disadvantage of communicating through shared RAM is that if the RAM, which is complex, fails, electronic device, the operation of the entire system is disrupted. To avoid this, you have to build a common RAM from several modules and reserve information. This, in turn, leads to a complication of the organization of the computational process in the complex and, ultimately, to the complication of operating systems. It should also be noted that connections through the common RAM are significantly more expensive than through the VSD.
Direct communication between processors - a direct control channel - can be not only informational, but also command, i.e., through a direct control channel, one processor can directly control the actions of another processor. This, of course, improves the dynamics of the transition from the main computer to the backup one, and makes it possible to carry out more complete mutual control of the computer. At the same time, the transfer of any significant amount of information over a direct control channel is inappropriate, since in this case the solution of problems stops: the processors exchange information.
Communication through the adapter channel - channel largely eliminates the disadvantages of communication through a common RAM and at the same time almost does not reduce the possibility of exchanging information between computers compared to a common RAM. The essence of this method of communication lies in the fact that the channels of two computers are connected to each other using a special device - an adapter. Usually this device is connected to the selector channels of the computer. Such an adapter connection provides a fairly fast exchange of information between computers, while the exchange can be carried out in large amounts of information. With regard to the speed of information transfer, communication through ACC is not much inferior to communication through a common RAM, and in relation to the amount of information transmitted, communication through a common VZU. The functions of the ACC are quite simple: this device must ensure mutual synchronization of the operation of two computers and buffering of information during its transmission. Although the functions of the ACC and its structure (Fig. 1.5) are quite simple, however, a wide variety of operating modes for two computers and the need to implement these modes significantly complicate this device.
Directly connected complexes make it possible to carry out all methods of organizing MMVC, which are characteristic of weakly connected complexes. However, due to some complication of the bonds, the efficiency of the complexes can be significantly increased. In particular, in directly connected complexes, a quick transition from the main computer to the backup computer is possible even in cases where the backup computer is loaded with its own tasks. This allows for high reliability with high performance.
In real complexes, not one type of communication between computers is used simultaneously, but two or more. Including very often in directly connected complexes there is also an indirect connection through the VCD.
For complexes with satellite computers characteristic is not the method of communication, but the principles of interaction of computers. The structure of connections in satellite complexes does not differ from connections in ordinary MMVC: most often, communication between computers is carried out through ACC. The peculiarity of these complexes is that in them, firstly, computers differ significantly in their characteristics, and secondly, there is a certain subordination of machines and a difference in the functions performed by each computer. One of the computers, the main one, is, as a rule, high-performance and is intended for the main processing of information. The second, much smaller in performance, is called a satellite or auxiliary computer. Its purpose is to organize the exchange of information between the main computer and peripheral devices, VZU, remote subscribers connected via data transmission equipment to the main computer. In addition, a satellite computer can pre-sort information, convert it into a form convenient for processing on the main computer, bring the output information to a form convenient for the user, etc. The satellite computer, thus, saves the main high-performance computer from performing numerous actions that do not require either a large capacity or complex operations, i.e., operations for which a large, powerful computer is not needed. Moreover, taking into account the nature of the operations performed by the satellite computer, it can be oriented towards the execution of precisely this class of operations and provide even greater performance than the main computer.
Some complexes include not one, but several satellite computers, while each of them is focused on performing certain functions: for example, one communicates with the main computer with input-output devices, the other communicates with remote subscribers, the third organizes file system etc.
The recent appearance of cheap and simple microcomputers to a large extent contributes to the development of satellite complexes. Satellite complexes solve only one problem: they increase the productivity of the complex without having a noticeable effect on reliability indicators.
Connecting satellite computers is fundamentally possible not only through the ACC, but also in other ways, however, communication through the ACC is the most convenient.
2.2. Computing networks
a. Collection of information
b. Information processing
in. Entering information
d. Information storage
2. A personal computer consists of blocks:
a. Mouse
b. Keyboard
in. hardware block
Xerox
3. The keyboard is used for:
a. Typing
b. Like a palm rest
in. Entering commands
d. Drive input
4. In the system unit are:
a. Hard drive
b.Memory
in. Keyboard
g. Processor
6. The hard disk can be of the following volumes:
a. 1.44 MB
b. 1 GB
in. 40 GB
800 Mb
7. Printers are:
a. Laser
b. Xero-copying
in. Drip jet
copying
8. The modem is used for:
a. Access to the Internet
b. To transfer information over a telephone line
in. for gaming over LAN
g. to convert sounds
9. Multimedia is an association:
a. sound
b. Printer
in. Video
Kolonok
10. Discs are:
a) Magnetic
b) solid
c) soft
d) liquid
11. A computer is ...
a. Electronic device with keyboard and screen.
b. A device for performing calculations.
in. A universal device for storing, processing and transmitting information.
d. Game device
12. The minimum basic set of computer devices includes ...
a. Monitor, keyboard, system unit.
b. Drive, printer, monitor.
in. Monitor, printer, keyboard.
monitor, scanner, keyboard.
13. Specify in which of the device groups the I / O information devices are listed
a. Streamer, hard drive, mouse.
b. Monitor, printer, keyboard.
in. Winchester, laser disc, floppy disk.
floppy disk, mouse, printer
14. Specify in which of the device groups input devices are listed
a. Printer, hard drive, mouse.
b. Mouse, keyboard, joystick, light pen, scanner.
in. Monitor, printer, plotter, speakers.
g. scanner, monitor, plotter.
15. Specify which of the listed groups of devices belongs to the external memory of the computer?
a. Monitor, diskette, mouse.
b. Disk drive, floppy disk, RAM.
c. Magnetic tape, laser disc, floppy disk.
g. drive, monitor, hard drive.
16. What output device can be used to get a paper copy of a document?
a. Monitor.
b. Printer.
in. Scanner.
d. keyboard.
17. Where is the information stored (does not disappear) after turning off the power of the computer?
a. In RAM.
b. in permanent memory.
in. in the processor.
d. In the monitor.
18. Where is the hard drive usually located?
a. In the monitor.
b. in the system block.
in. In the drive.
d. In the printer.
19. What device is designed to convert and transfer information between remote computers?
a. CPU.
b. Drive.
in. Modem.
g. monitor
20. Video memory is a part of RAM that is designed to ...
a. Storage of textual information.
b. Storing information about a graphic image on the screen.
in. Permanent storage of graphic information.
d. Sound storage.
from which the operating system is loaded?
a boot drive
b boot diskette
c boot partition
2 graphic format name. image used in windows
a pdf
b xml
c.bmp
3 the name of the initial record on the disk, where the information necessary for the OS to work with the disk is recorded
a bootstrap
b boot partition
c boot-sector
4the wine program is designed to perform the function:
and for setting up and running an ssh server
b to run windows programs on Linux OS
c to launch the virtual box emulator
d to start VMware
e to run graph. gnome os linux interface
5 piece of information left on the web client computer by a program running on the web server side. used to save data specific to a given client.
a trojan-spy.win32 spyware
b cookie
c virus browser blocker
d virus banner
6 What is the name of the memory standard and technology that doubles the data transfer rate between memory and processor?
and dds
b dec
cddr
d dsl
7what is the name of the software component that allows you to interact with computer devices
a dsl
b dream weaver
c-deriver
d dynamic languages
8what is the name of the information barrier that prohibits access to the protected network of all protocols except those allowed
a flash
b firewall
c file fragmentation
d fire wire
9 protocol for transferring data between computers. tct protocol is used as a transport mechanism for transmission
a Bluetooth
b wifi
c ftp
d irDA
12. What is the name of the wireless interface standard?
a ieee
ieee 802.11
c igmp
d ieee 802.11b/g/n
14 name the program for creating a presentation, an analogue of powerpoint mo
a draw
b impress
c math
dbase
17 technology for converting many internal ip addresses of the network into external addresses used to communicate with the Internet?
a dns
b http
with nat
dip v4
18. In these batteries, instead of poisonous cadmium, metal compounds with hydrogen are used.
a li-ion soni ericsson
b li-polymer Nokia
c nickel metal hydride gp
20 which program expands the capabilities of some software package
a playlist
b plug-in
c portable soft
dpe-file
21 special file formats developed by Microsoft for exchanging rich text documents
a txt
b djvu
c.rtf
dpdf
e fb2
22 what are the names of the connectors for installing various types of processors of the 486, pentium and pentium pro families on the motherboard
a socket 7
sosket 478
c socket 1-8
d sosket 486
23 which program is not an OS emulator
and qemu
b virtual box
moba live CD
d VMware player
g wine
24 what function does the file with the vmdk extension perform
a description of virtual hard disk options
b main config. virtual OS file
c permanent memory ram
d VM swap file
25 what evaluation period is set, for the user, in computer program Microsoft virtual pc 2007
a free use 30 days
b bp 60 days
c bp 10 days
d the period of use is not set
no payment required upon installation
for processing tabular structured data
2) Application program for processing code tables
3) A PC device that manages its resources in the process of processing tabular data
4) System program that controls the processing of tabular data
Question 2. ET is for
1) processing of numerical data presented in the form of tables
2) orderly storage and processing of significant data arrays
3) visualization of structural relationships between data presented in the form of tables
4) editing large amounts of information
Question 3. ET is
1) a set of numbered columns and rows named in Latin letters
2) a set of numbered rows and columns named in Latin letters
3) a set of numbered rows and columns
4) set of rows and columns
Question 4. ET lines
1) are named arbitrarily by the user
2) are indicated by the letters of the Latin language
3) are indicated by the letters of the Russian language
4) are numbered
Question 5. Columns ET
1) are indicated by the letters of the Russian language
2) are numbered
3) are indicated by the letters of the Latin language
4) are named arbitrarily by the user
Question 6. For the user, the ET cell is identified
1) the address of the OP machine word allocated for the cell
2) special code word
3) by sequentially specifying the column name and row number, at the intersection of which the cell is located
4)name given by the user
Question 7. Computational formulas in ET cells are written
1) in the usual mathematical notation
2) in a special way using built-in functions and according to the rules adopted for writing expressions in programming languages
3) according to the rules adopted exclusively for spreadsheets
4) according to the rules of mathematics
Question 8. Expression 3 (A1 + B1): 5 (2B1-3A2), written in accordance with the rules,
accepted in mathematics, in ET, has the form
1)3* (А1+В1)/(5*(2*В1-3*А2))
2)3(A1+B1)/5*(2B1-3A2)
3)3(А1+В1)/(5*(2В1-3А2))
4)3*(A1+B1)/5*(2*B1-3*A2)
Question 9. Among the above, find the formula for ET
2)A1=A3*B8+12
Question 10
1) signs of arithmetic operations
2) numeric expressions
3) cell names
Question 11
1) do not change
2) are transformed regardless of the new position of the formula
3) are transformed depending on the new position of the formula
Question 12
1) are converted depending on the new position of the formula
2) do not change
3) are transformed regardless of the new position of the formula
4) are converted depending on the length of the formula
Question 13
1) a set of cells that form a rectangular area in the table
2) all cells of one row
3) all cells of one column
4) set of valid values
Question 14
1) for writing formulas
2) to write numbers
3) to write numbers, formulas, text
4) in which data entry is performed
Question 15. What formula will be obtained by copying the formula from E2 to E4?
Question 16. What formula will be obtained by copying the formula from E2 to E4?
Question 17. What formula will be obtained by copying the formula from E2 to E4?
Question 18. What will be the value in cell C1 if you enter the formula \u003d A1 + B1 into it?
Question 19. What will be the value in cell C1 if you enter the formula into it
SUM(A1:B1)*2?
Question 20. Sorting is called
1) the process of finding the largest and smallest elements of the array
2) the process of partial ordering of some set
3) any process of permutation
4) the process of linear ordering of some set
test 7 easy multiple choice questions13. Processor clock speed is:
A. the number of binary operations performed by the processor per unit of time
B. the number of pulses generated per second that synchronize the operation of computer nodes
C. the number of possible processor accesses to RAM per unit time
D. speed of information exchange between the processor and input / output devices
14. Specify the minimum required set of devices designed to operate the computer:
A. printer, system unit, keyboard
B. processor, RAM, monitor, keyboard
C. processor, streamer, hard drive
D. monitor, system unit, keyboard
15. What is a microprocessor?
A. an integrated circuit that executes the commands received at its input and controls
Computer work
B. a device for storing those data that are often used at work
C. device for displaying text or graphic information
D. alphanumeric output device
16. User interaction with the software environment is carried out using:
A. operating system
B. file system
C. Applications
d. file manager
17. The user can directly control the software with
Help:
A. operating system
B. GUI
C. UI
d. file manager
18. Ways of storing data on a physical medium determines:
A. operating system
B. application software
C. file system
d. file manager
19. A graphical environment that displays the objects and controls of the Windows system,
Designed for user convenience:
A. hardware interface
b. user interface
C. desktop
d. software interface
20. Computer speed depends on:
A. CPU clock speed
B. Whether or not a printer is connected
C. operating system interface organization
D. external storage space
By studying this topic, you will learn:
What is the block diagram of a computer;
- what is the principle program control;
- what is the purpose of the system bus;
- which means the principle of open architecture used in building a computer.
Block diagram of a computer
In the previous topics, you got acquainted with the purpose and characteristics of the main devices of a computer. Obviously, all these devices cannot work separately, but only as part of the entire computer. Therefore, in order to understand how a computer processes information, it is necessary to consider the structure of a computer and the basic principles of interaction between its devices.
In accordance with the purpose of a computer as an information processing tool, the interaction of its constituent devices must be organized in such a way as to provide the main stages of data processing.
To clarify what has been said, consider the block diagram of information processing by a computer shown in Figure 21.1, on which in top row the main stages of this process already familiar to you from section 1 are indicated. The execution of each of these stages is determined by the presence in the structure of the computer of the corresponding devices. Obviously, the input and output of information is carried out using input devices (keyboard, mouse, etc.) and output devices (monitor, printer, etc.). Information is stored internally and external memory on various media (magnetic or optical disks, magnetic tapes, etc.).
Rice. 21.1. Block diagram of a computer
The dark arrows represent the exchange of information between different devices on the computer. Dashed lines with arrows symbolize the control signals that come from the processor. Light empty arrows represent input and output information flows, respectively.
A computer is a system of interconnected components. Structurally, all the main components of the computer are combined in the system unit, which is the most important part personal computer.
System block and motherboard
The following devices are located inside the system unit:
♦ microprocessor;
♦ inner memory computer;
♦ disk drives - external memory devices;
♦ system bus;
♦ electronic circuits, providing communication between various computer components;
♦ the electromechanical part of the computer, including the power supply, ventilation, indication and protection systems.
Layout IBM computer 286
Modern PC layout
All of the listed devices that are part of the system unit are placed in the case, and there are different types buildings. The type of case of the system unit depends on the type of personal computer and determines the size, placement and number of installed components of the system unit. For stationary personal computers, the most common cases are horizontal or desktop (desktop) or in the form of a tower (tower). AT laptop computers the system unit is combined with the monitor and is made in the booksize standard, that is, the size of a book.
The technical (hardware) basis of a personal computer is a system, or motherboard, board.
The motherboard is the main board in the system unit of the computer. It contains the most important microcircuits - the processor and memory. The motherboard connects various devices into a single whole, provides working conditions and communication of the main components of a personal computer. The processor provides not only the transformation of information, but also the control of the operation of all other computer devices.
The basis of the computer is the so-called principle of program control. According to it, program commands and data are stored in coded form in RAM. When a computer is running, the commands to be executed and the data they require are read in turn from memory and fed into the processor, where they are decoded and then executed. The results of the execution of various commands, in turn, can be written to memory or transferred to various output devices. The speed at which a processor performs information processing operations is a decisive factor determining its performance. The fact is that any information (numbers, text, pictures, music, etc.) is stored and processed on a computer only in digital form. Therefore, its processing is reduced to the execution by the processor of various arithmetic and logical operations provided by its instruction system.
System bus
To ensure information exchange between various computer devices, it must be provided with some kind of highway for moving information flows. Let's explain this idea with a small example.
you know that life big city are constant streams of people and vehicles moving in different directions. Often the speed of a transport or human flow does not depend on the speed of a car, bicycle or pedestrian, but on the throughput of the city's transport network, on its underground and surface highways.
In the computer, the movement is not transport, but information flows along the relevant information highway. The role of such an information highway, connecting with each other all the devices of a computer, is performed by a system bus located inside the system unit. Simplified, the system bus can be thought of as a group of cables and electrical (conductive) lines on the system board.
All main blocks of the personal computer are connected to the system bus (figure 21.2). Its main function is to provide interaction between the processor and the rest electronic components computer. This bus carries data, memory addresses and control information.
Rice. 21.2. Purpose of the system bus
The type of system bus, as well as the type of processor, determines the speed of information processing by a personal computer. The main characteristics of the system bus include the capacity and performance of the communication channel.
Bus bit width determines the number of bits of information transmitted simultaneously from one device to another.
The system buses of the first personal computers could only transmit 8 bits of information, using 8 data lines in the form of 8 parallel conductors. Further development of computers led to the creation of a 16-bit system bus, and then its bit depth increased to 32 and further to 64 bits. An increase in the width of the data bus led to an increase in the speed of information exchange, and an increase in the width of the address bus provided more RAM.
Tire performance is determined by the amount of information that can be transmitted through it in one second.
Like highways, throughput which depends on the number of lanes on the road, the performance of the system bus is largely determined by its capacity. The higher the bus width, the more bits of information can be simultaneously transmitted over it, for example, from the processor to memory. This results in faster data exchange and frees up the processor for other tasks.
However, the system bus as the main information highway cannot provide sufficient performance for external devices. To solve this problem, the computer began to use local buses that connect the microprocessor with various memory, input and output devices. The purpose of local tires is similar to the purpose of ring or ring roads around a big city, which unload the main highways.
Ports
Computer communication with various input and output devices is carried out through ports. Some devices have external connection to ports through connectors, which are also commonly referred to as ports. These connectors are located on the back of the system unit. Floppy, hard and laser disk drives are installed and connected inside the system unit. There are wired ( serial and parallel, USB, Fire Wire) and wireless ( infrared, bluetooth) ports.
Parallel ports
This type of port is used to connect external devices that need to transfer a large amount of information over a short distance. A parallel port typically transfers 8 bits of data simultaneously on 8 parallel wires. A printer and a scanner are connected to the parallel port. The number of parallel ports on a computer does not exceed three, and they have the logical names LPT1, LPT2, LPT3, respectively (from the English. Line PrinTer - printer line).
Serial ports
This type of port is used to connect mice, modems and many other devices to the system unit. Through such a port there is a serial data stream of 1 bit. This can be compared to how traffic occurs on a one-lane road. Serial data transmission is used over long distances. Therefore, serial ports are often referred to as communication ports. The number of communication ports does not exceed four, and they are named from COM1 to COM4 (English COMmunication port - communication port).
USB port
The USB port (English Universal Serial Bus) is currently the most common means of connecting medium-speed and low-speed peripherals to a computer. The USB port uses a serial communication method. The most widespread high speed port type USB 2.0. If your computer does not have enough USB ports, then this deficiency can be eliminated by purchasing a USB hub that has several of these ports.
Thanks to built-in power lines, USB often allows devices to be used without their own power supply.
FireWire port
FireWire (IEEE 1394) - Literally - fire wire (pronounced "fire wire") - is a serial port that supports a data transfer rate of 400 Mbps. This port is used to connect video devices to the computer, such as a VCR, as well as other devices that require fast transfer of large amounts of information, such as external hard drives.
The FireWire ports are Plug and Play and hot pluggable.
FireWire ports come in two types. Most desktop computers 6-pin ports are used, while laptops use 4-pin.
Infrared wireless port
Data transmission is carried out via an optical channel in the infrared range. Remote controls work the same way. remote control household appliances- TVs, VCRs, etc. Operating range infrared port is several meters, and it is necessary to ensure direct visibility between the receiver and transmitter.
The infrared port is usually used to connect to a mobile phone that has the same port. This allows you to implement Internet access using a mobile phone, which is most important for portable laptops in non-stationary conditions.
Module bluetooth wireless connections
One bluetooth adapter allows for wireless connection about 100 devices located at a distance of up to 10 m. At the same time, you can connect different types of wireless devices: Cell phones, printers, mice, keyboards, etc. Data is transmitted over a radio channel in the frequency range of 2.2-2.4 GHz. The main advantage is a stable connection, regardless of the relative position of the receiver and transmitter. If the computer does not have a built-in Bluetooth module, then it can be purchased separately and connected via a USB port.
Other motherboard components
The motherboard, in addition to the most important computer components listed above, contains additional microcircuits, switches and jumpers. All these devices are necessary to ensure the interaction of various computer devices, setting their operating modes. For example, the motherboard may have chips installed that require different supply voltages. Device operation parameters are set by switches on the system board.
In any system unit there are mandatory components that ensure the operation of the computer - a power supply, a system clock, a battery, signal indicators on the front side of the system unit.
The system clock determines the speed at which a computer performs operations, which is related to the clock frequency, measured in megahertz (1 MHz equals 1 million clock cycles per second).
The system clock determines the rhythm of the entire computer, synchronizes the work of most components of its motherboard.
Expansion boards and slots provide the implementation of the so-called principle of open architecture for building a modern personal computer. A slot is a connector where a board is inserted. The presence of expansion slots on the motherboard allows you to consider a personal computer as a device that can be modified. Expanding the capabilities of the computer is carried out by installing an expansion card in the slot. A device located outside the system unit is connected to the connector of this board using a cable.
Instead of the term "expansion board", the names "card", "adapter" are often used. The most common expansion boards are graphics cards, sound cards and internal modems.
The concept of open computer architecture
Computer manufacturing technology is developing rapidly, which ensures the continuous growth of their performance, memory capacity and, as a result, the ability to solve more and more problems. challenging tasks. Some devices are being rapidly improved, others, fundamentally new, are being created. With such a rapid development of technology, it is necessary to provide for such a principle of building a computer that would allow using the devices (blocks) already in it, as well as replacing them with new, more advanced ones without changing the design. As cities are built according to the laws of architecture, so the computer device must develop according to certain laws. The main principle of building a modern personal computer is the principle of open architecture: each new block must be software and hardware compatible with previously created ones. This means that a modern personal computer can be simplistically represented as a children's designer of cubes familiar to everyone. In a computer, it is just as easy to replace old cubes (blocks) with new ones, wherever they are located, as a result of which the computer's operation not only is not disturbed, but becomes more productive. It is the principle of open architecture that makes it possible not to throw away, but to upgrade a previously purchased computer, easily replacing obsolete blocks with more advanced and convenient ones, as well as acquiring and installing new blocks and nodes. At the same time, the places for their installation (connectors) in all computers are standard and do not require any changes in the computer design itself.
The principle of open architecture is the rules for building a computer, according to which each new node (block) must be compatible with the old one and be easily installed in the same place in the computer.
test questions
1. What are the main blocks that form the structure of a computer and how are they related to the stages of information processing?
2. What is the role of a personal computer processor in information processing?
3. What is the principle of program management?
4. What is the purpose and main components of the system unit?
5. What types of system unit cases do you know?
6. What is the motherboard for?
7. What is the purpose of the system bus in a personal computer?
8. What is the analogy between the system bus and transport highways?
9. What are the characteristics of the system bus?
10. What is a computer port? What types of ports are there and how do they differ?
11. Why are expansion boards needed?
12. Why is it necessary to have expansion slots?
13. What is the principle of open architecture?
14. What do you know from fiction, popular science publications, TV shows and movies about the possibilities and uses of the computers of the future?
Historically, the computer appeared as a machine for computing and was called an electronic computer- COMPUTER. The structure of such a device was described by the famous mathematician John von Neumann in 1945.
The structure of a computer is a certain model that establishes the composition, order and principles of interaction of its components.
The structure of a modern personal computer is shown in the figure below.
Consider the principle of interaction of the main devices.
The motherboard (system) board is the most important element of a PC. It houses devices that directly process information (computations). As a rule, these are a microprocessor, internal memory, system bus, keyboard controller, clock generator, interrupt controller, timer, etc. The circuits that control other external computer devices are usually located on separate boards inserted into unified connectors (slots) on motherboard. Through these connectors, the device controllers are connected directly to the system data bus in the computer bus. Sometimes these controllers can be located on the system board. Chipsets on which they run motherboards are called chipsets. Motherboards differ in the type of processors that can be installed on them, and the names of the companies that produce them. On the motherboards there are special jumpers - jumpers that allow you to adjust it to the type of processor and other devices installed on it.
All additional devices interact with the processor and RAM through the system's data transmission line - the bus. Expansion slot types vary by bus type. Data can be transferred between external devices and the processor, RAM and the processor, external devices and RAM, or between I/O devices. The bus is characterized by type, capacity, frequency and number of connected external devices. When working with RAM, the bus searches for the desired memory area and exchanges information with the found area. These tasks are performed by two parts of the system bus: the address bus and the data bus.
Hardware-logical devices responsible for the joint functioning of various components are called interfaces. The modern computer is filled with different interfaces that provide universal interaction. There are standards for interfaces.
The set of interfaces implemented in a computer forms what is called a computer architecture.
To add a new additional device to the PC, a controller is required - a device that coordinates the operation of the system and the additional device in hardware. In addition, you need a driver for this device - a program that allows you to programmatically link this device with the system as a whole.
The controller must take into account the hardware features of the connected device, and the driver must allow the operating system, using standard set command requests, control non-standard device.
The driver acts as a "translator" from the language of the operating system to the language specific device, the controller acts as a hardware "bridge" between the system as a whole and an additional device.
The central part of the computer is the system unit, with the keyboard, monitor and mouse attached to it. The system unit and monitor are independently connected to a power source - AC. In modern computers, the display and the system unit are sometimes mounted in a single housing.
The system unit contains all the main devices of the computer:
microprocessor - the brain of a computer that executes commands received at its input: performs calculations and controls the operation of other PC devices;
RAM for temporary storage of programs and data;
controllers designed for processor-independent control of individual processes in the operation of a PC;
floppy disk drives used to read and write to floppy disks;
a hard disk drive designed to read and write to a hard magnetic disk (hard drive);
CD-ROM drives that provide the ability to read data from computer CDs and play audio CDs, as well as write information to a CD;
power supply that converts mains power into D.C., supplied to the electronic circuits of the computer;
a time counter that functions regardless of whether the computer is turned on or not;
Other devices.
All PC components according to their functional relation to working with information can be divided into:
information processing devices ( CPU, specialized processors);
information storage devices (hard disk, CD-ROM, RAM, etc.);
input devices (keyboard, mouse, microphone, scanner, etc.);
information output devices (monitor, printer, acoustic system, etc.).
Microprocessor (MP), or central processing unit (CPU, from the English Central Processing Unit) is the main working component of a computer that performs arithmetic and logical operations, set by the program, controls the computing process and coordinates the work of all computer devices.
Clock pulse generator. It generates a sequence of electrical impulses; the frequency of the generated pulses determines the clock frequency of the machine.
The time interval between adjacent pulses determines the time of one cycle of the machine or just the cycle of the machine.
The frequency of the clock pulse generator is one of the main characteristics of a personal computer and largely determines the speed of its operation, because each operation in the machine is performed for a certain number of cycles.
System bus. This is the main interface system of a computer that provides pairing and communication of all its devices with each other.
All blocks, or rather their input-output ports, are connected to the bus in the same way through the corresponding unified connectors (joints): directly or through controllers (adapters). The system bus is controlled by a microprocessor either directly or, more often, through an additional microcircuit - a bus controller that generates the main control signals. The exchange of information between external devices and the system bus is performed using ASCII codes.
Memory (internal - system, including RAM and ROM and external disk). ROM (from the English. ROM, Read Only Memory - read-only memory) is used to store immutable (permanent) software and background information. RAM (from the English RAM, Random Access Memory - random access memory) is designed for rapid recording, storage and reading of information (programs and data) directly involved in the information and computing process performed by the PC in the current period of time. Disk memory refers to external PC devices and is used for long-term storage of any information that may ever be required to solve problems, in particular, all computer software is stored in it. As external memory devices located in the system unit, hard disk drives (HDD) and floppy disk drives (NGMD) are used, drives on optical discs(NOD) and others;
Timer. These are in-machine Digital Watch, providing, if necessary, automatic removal of the current moment of time (year, month, hours, minutes, seconds and fractions of seconds). The timer is connected to offline source power - to the battery and when the machine is disconnected from the mains, it continues to work.
External devices (VU). This is the most important component any computer complex. Suffice it to say that the cost of the WU sometimes makes up 50-80% of the total PC. The composition and characteristics of the WU largely determine the possibility and efficiency of using the PC in control systems and in the national economy as a whole.
VU PC provide interaction of the machine with environment: users, control objects and other computers. VU are very diverse and can be classified according to a number of criteria. So, according to the purpose, the following types of VU can be distinguished:
external storage devices (VZU) or external memory of a PC;
input devices;
information output devices;
means of communication and telecommunications.
Monitor - a device for displaying information entered and output from a PC.
Voice input-output devices are among the rapidly developing multimedia tools. Speech input devices are various microphone acoustic systems, "sonic mice", for example, with a complex software, allowing to recognize letters and words spoken by a person, identify them and encode them.
Speech output devices are various sound synthesizers that convert digital codes into letters and words that are played through speakers (speakers) or speakers connected to a computer.
Input devices include:
keyboard - a device for manually entering numerical, textual and control information in a PC;
graphics tablets(digitizers) - for manual input of graphic information, images by moving a special pointer (pen) across the tablet; when moving the pen, the coordinates of its location are automatically read and these coordinates are entered into the PC;
scanners (reading machines) - for automatic reading from paper media and entering typewritten texts, graphs, drawings, drawings into a PC; in the scanner coding device in text mode, the read characters, after comparison with reference contours, are converted by special programs into ASCII codes, and in graphics mode, the read graphs and drawings are converted into sequences of two-dimensional coordinates;
manipulators (pointing devices): a joystick - a lever, a mouse, a trackball - a ball in a frame, a light pen, etc. - for entering graphic information on the display screen by controlling the movement of the cursor on the screen, followed by encoding the coordinates of the cursor and entering them into the PC;
touch screens- to enter individual elements of the image, programs or commands from the split screen display in the PC.
Output devices include:
printers - printing devices for registering information on paper;
plotters (plotters) - for displaying graphic information (graphs, drawings, drawings) from a PC to paper; plotters are vector with drawing images with a pen and raster: thermographic, electrostatic, inkjet and laser.
Communication and telecommunications devices are used to communicate with devices and other automation equipment (interface matchers, adapters, digital-to-analog and analog-to-digital converters, etc.) and to connect a PC to communication channels, to other computers and computer networks(network interface cards, "junctions", data transmission multiplexers, modems).
Additional schemes. Along with typical external devices, some additional boards with integrated circuits can be connected to the system bus and to the MP PC, expanding and improving functionality microprocessor: math coprocessor, input-output coprocessor, interrupt controller, etc.
The math coprocessor is widely used to speed up the execution of operations on binary numbers floating point, over binary-coded decimal numbers, to calculate some transcendental, including trigonometric, functions. Mathematical coprocessor has its own command system and works in parallel (combined in time) with the main MP, but under the control of the latter. Acceleration of operations occurs in tens of times.
The input-output coprocessor, due to parallel operation with the MP, significantly speeds up the execution of input-output procedures when servicing several external devices (monitor, printer, HDD, HDD, etc.); frees the MP from processing I / O procedures, including the implementation of the direct memory access mode.
The most important role is played by the interrupt controller in the PC.
Interrupt - a temporary stop of the execution of one program in order to quickly execute another, in this moment more important (priority) program.
Interruptions occur when the computer is running all the time. Suffice it to say that all I / O information is performed by interrupts. The interrupt controller services interrupt procedures, receives an interrupt request from external devices, determines the priority level of this request, and issues an interrupt signal to the MP. The MP, having received this signal, suspends the execution of the current program and proceeds to the execution special program servicing the interrupt that requested external device. After the maintenance program ends, the interrupted program is resumed. The interrupt controller is programmable.