Computer memory is a collection of devices for
storage
programs,
introduced
results and output.
information,
intermediate
PC memory
Internal
memory
RAM
(RAM)
RAM
ROM
(ROM)
External
memory
CACHE
memory
Hard Floppy CDs/DVDs
discs
discs
ZIP discs
Flash
memory
operational
remembering
device.
it
volatile random access memory: RAM - Random
–
access memory. Main characteristics of memory:
information capacity (volume)
performance
Energy consumption
Memory performance depends on:
bandwidth (maximum
baud rate x bit depth)
various kinds of delays Memory delays are divided into:
access time
the duration of the memory cycle (cycle time).
The access time is the interval
the time between issuing a read request and
the moment the requested word arrives from
memory.
The duration of the memory cycle is determined
minimal possible time between two
successive memory accesses. That
is this total address reading time
cell and read/write data to that cell. Information capacity
Derived units are calculated
in 2-ary system:
1024 b - 1 Kb
210 bytes - 1 kilobyte
1048576 b - 1024 Kb - 1 Mb
220 bytes - 210 kilobytes - 1 megabyte
1073741824 b - 1048576 KB - 1024 MB - 1 GB
230 bytes - 220 kilobytes - 210 megabytes - 1 gigabyte inputs
…
…
…
…
signal
synchronization
SRAM memory built on flip-flops
exit
Static memory
SRAM Dynamic DRAM
columns
2
3
1
4
transistor
"key"
capacitor
T
T
K
T
K
T
K
T
Memory cell (1 bit)
T
T
T
K
T
K
T
K
T
K
T
K
K
K
Address line
T
K
T
K
T
K
data line
K
T
K
K The speed of the OP chips
characterized by three types of delays:
1. Delay between supply of line number and number
columns - tRCD
2. The delay between the supply of the column number and
getting the contents of the output cell - tCAC
3. Delay between reading the last cell and serving
numbers newline-tRP Technologies for RAM
until the mid 90s:
DRAM
– Dynamic Random Access Memory –
basic type of RAM architecture. Total delay 200 ns
1995:
FPM DRAM - Fast Page
Mode DRAM - dynamic memory
fast page mode
1996:
EDO DRAM
- Extend Data Output DRAM - Dynamic
enhanced output memory
2000 (until now):
SDRAM - Synchronous DRAM synchronous dynamic memory
DDR-SDRAM - Double Data Rate SDRAM - SDRAM
double data rate.
DRDRAM - Direct Rambus DRAM
- Rambus technology The structural basis of RAM (RAM)
make up memory modules
Connecting conductors
(interface lines),
combined into tires
Memory chips on
module
General view of the memory module RAM slots on the motherboard
Chip outputs -
pins
Chips with memory matrices DIP RAM Chip Modules
DIP information capacity of 64 and 256 KB, 1 and 4 MB
Socket for installing a DIP package
1. DIP package
Installed modules
Installing DIP Modules on the Motherboard SIPP RAM chip modules
SIPP stands for Single Inline Package
chip outputs (pins)
microcircuit basis
memory chips
(insulating layer) SIMM RAM chip modules
30pin module
memory chips
FPM DRAM
chip outputs (pins)
plastic holder SIMM RAM chip modules
72pin module
memory chips
EDO DRAM
chip outputs (pins)
plastic holder
slot block DIMM RAM Chip Modules
DIMM DDR2 256 Mb, “KINGMAX“
bus frequency 533 MHz
DIMM DDR 512 Mb, “SAMSUNG“
bus frequency 400 MHz
DIMM DDR 256 Mb, “KINGMAX”
bus frequency 400 MHz RIMM - Rambus In-line Memory Module
radiator for cooling
microchips
4th RIMMs,
installed on
motherboard New RAM Developments
4 modules
DIMM 1 GB
pay
extensions
The American company DDR Drive is going to introduce
a storage device that uses DIMMs
expansion board. The board communicates with the system through a slot
PCI Express. The novelty is capable of supporting up to 8 GB of memory in
four DIMM slots. New RAM Developments
256 MB memory chips
Elpida Memory announced at the end of 2004
on the release and start of shipments of the first 1 GB DIMMs
DDR2 SDRAM for servers. New RAM Developments
AVM Advanced Memory Buffer
Elpida Memory started production in 2005
memory modules with full buffering (Fully-Buffered Dual in-line
Memory Modules) FB-DIMM with capacities from 512 MB to 4 GB, designed for use in new generation servers. New RAM Developments
OCZ Technology Inc. in December 2006 introduced new
DDR2 modules with improved heatsink (1 GB each)
The new mesh heatsink housing improves air circulation over the memory chips, allowing
more efficient
decide
problem
heat dissipation. New RAM Developments
OCZ Technology Inc. November 2006 announced the release
DDR2 1150 PC-9200 modules with a hybrid heatsink (capacity
1 GB each)
This design improves
climatic conditions
work of memory chips,
removing heat from contacts
platforms and bottom
corps.
Hybrid
radiator
responsible for
upper part, the thermal interface board is responsible for the lower part
microcircuits and contacts. Comparative characteristics of SDRAM types
SDRAM
DDR
SDRAM
DDR2
SDRAM
DDR3
SDRAM
Frequency
systemic
bus (MHz)
66, 100,
133
200, 266,
333, 400
400, 533
667, 800
800, 1066
1333, 1600
Voltage
food
3.3 (+/- 0.3)
2.5 (+/- 0.2)
1.8 (+/- 0.1)
1.5 (+/- 0.075)
DDR3 is newest stage development of DDR SDRAM memory.
The first DDR3 memory modules were released by the company
Infineon in July 2005. New modules from DDR2 modules
have a higher data transfer rate and
less power consumption. New Z-RAM instead of SRAM
for cache
Development of Innovative Silicon - Z-RAM (Zero
Capacitor DRAM), capacitorless DRAM. As
condenser gate is used field effect transistor,
separated from the channel by a dielectric layer. Main
advantage
similar
memory
is
high
compactness of a memory cell - its size is five times smaller
compared to SRAM and twice as compared to standard DRAM
memory. Another advantage of Z-RAM is the ability to
use of existing equipment and materials for
chip production - in the manufacture of Z-RAM is used
SOI process technology (silicon-on-insulator) that uses
AMD for the production of their chips. This will significantly
increase the amount of "cache", and with it the performance
chips. (January 2006) Z-RAM architecture
Z-RAM cell
Write binary "1" and "0" New RAM Developments
Seiko Epson release 16KB prototype
SRAM of a memory module whose elements
formed at low temperature
polycrystalline glass and enclosed
to Platisk using proprietary
"SUFTLA" technologies. Similar
technology has made it possible to create
flexible media in
low temperature environment.
A demo system consisting of an 8-bit
processor and flexible memory module.
Cell of 6 transistors,
designed for 65 micron
technology. Reducing the size
SRAM cells allows you to increase
the amount of cache memory and accordingly
processor performance. Persistent memory PC
ROM (Read Only Memory) or
ROM (read-only memory) is a non-volatile
read-only read-only memory.
ROM BIOS chip
placement on
motherboard PC ROM
CMOS RAM is a digital timer.
Microchip created on the basis of technology
Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor
CMOS battery placement
on the motherboard
Computer memory devices
Memory is used to store data and programs for their processing. Historically, computer memory has been divided into internal and external.
internal memorycomputer make uppersistent storage device(ROM), random access memory(RAM) and scratch memory ( cache).
computer memory
Read Only Memory (ROM)
Read Only Memorydesigned to read the information stored in it. The ROM contains programs that are written there at the factory.
They automatically start when you turn on your computer. These programs are for initial download operating system. After turning off the power of the computer, the information in the ROM is stored - thisnon-volatile device.
RAM(RAM)
All the information necessary for the operation of the computer is placed inRAM. The processor can instantly access information in RAM, which is why it is called "fast" (operational). After the power supply is turned off, all information contained in the RAM is destroyed - RAM volatile.
Random Access Memory (RAM)
RAM is characterized by two parameters: volume and speed.
The performance of a computer depends largely onamount of RAM:The larger the amount of memory, the greater the ability to work with information the computer has. Computer RAM consists of a large number of cells, each of which can store a certain amount of information, for example, one text character. In the most common personal computers, the RAM capacity is 128-256 MB.
RAM
The second important characteristic of RAM modules is their performance, that is, the period of time for which the operation of writing or reading information from memory cells takes place. Modern memory modules provide information access speeds of over 10 nanoseconds (10-9 s).
Cache
To speed up calculations, information from the most frequently used sections of RAM is placed in ultra-high-speed memory chips - cache memory. The lack of cache memory can reduce the overall performance of the computer by 20-30%. Currently, cache memory with a capacity of 64-512 KB is widely used.
External (long-term) memory
External memory designed for long-term storage of programs and data not used in this moment. External memory, unlike RAM, isnon-volatile.
To work with external memory, you must have:
1) hard drive or disk drive- a device that provides recording/reading of information;
2) carrier - information storage devices.
The main characteristics of drives and media:
information capacity;
speed of information exchange;
reliability of information storage;
price.
Magnetic disks
Magnetic disks - these are round plastic or metal plates with a magnetic coating. Data is stored on such disks in the form of magnetized or non-magnetized areas. Information on magnetic media can be written multiple times.
Diskette
Diskette (floppy disk) is a thin and flexible plastic disc coated on both sides with a special substance and placed in a hard plastic envelope. The user himself puts such discs in the drive and removes it from it. Most floppy disks in use today are 3.5 inches. The information capacity of a floppy disk is 1.44 MB. On it, for example, a book with a volume of about 600 pages or several high-quality graphic images can be recorded.
Hard drives(winchesters)
Hard drives (hard drives)made of glass or metal. Hard drives are most often permanently located inside the computer. They perform exactly the same functions as floppy disks; however, hard disks are able to store much more information, spin faster and, unlike floppy disks, they cannot be lost, they are protected from dirt, dust, moisture, temperature and other external influences. The most popular today are disks with a capacity of 20-300 GB.
laser discs
At present, CD-ROMs or laser discs. Recording and reading information in laser disk drives occurs with the help of light. Therefore, laser discs are also called optical discs.
laser disc device
The structure of the laser disc resembles a layer cake. The first layer - the main one - is made of plastic, the second - reflective - is made of metal, the third - protective - is made of transparent varnish.
The base layer contains useful information, encoded in microscopic depressions applied to it, called pitami.
Information on a laser disc is recorded on a single spiral track (like on a gramophone record) containing alternating sections with different reflectivity. Laser ray falls on the surface of a rotating disk, the intensity of the reflected beam depends on the reflectivity of the track section and is interpreted as 0 or 1.
CD-ROM is convenient for storing immutable information up to 650MB
Recording CDs
At first, the main drawback of the CD was the impossibility of recording on it at home.
This shortcoming was eliminated with the advent of CD-R discs that were written once, and then CD-RW discs for multiple rewritability.
Recording CDs
The plastic base for the CD-R does not carry any useful information.
A film of an alloy of rare earth metals is deposited on top, capable of reversibly changing its state depending on the temperature of heating by a laser beam.
Recently, the market hasdigital universal rimsDVD up to 7 GB.
By appearance and internal device they are very similar to CDs: they use similar technologies for applying recesses to the plastic base - pits ; registration of the signal reflected from the metal coating and its interpretation in the form of zeros and ones. The fundamental difference is the increase in the recording density due to the use of a semiconductor laser with a shorter wavelength.
Flash devices
Virtual Memory
Slides: 16 Words: 165 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0virtual memory. Memory management combines three tasks. Dynamic memory allocation. Mapping virtual addresses of the program to physical addresses. Implementation of memory protection. Virtual memory is a collection of all memory cells - operational and external. It has continuous numbering from zero to the limit value of the address. Graphical representation VP. Control methods virtual memory. Page segment way to manage memory. Paged memory management. Address format in Itanium®2. Two options for implementing the page table. Multilevel address translation table. - Memory.ppt
Memory device
Slides: 34 Words: 1979 Sounds: 0 Effects: 22Computer device. Backbone-modular principle of building a computer. The architecture of modern personal computers is based on the trunk-modular principle. Functional organization of a computer Hardware implementation of a computer. Backbone (system bus). Input Devices. external memory. output devices. CPU. Inner memory. Functional diagram of a computer. The keyboard is a standard device for entering alphanumeric information and commands. Function keys can be programmed by the user. Long bottom key without a name - designed to enter spaces. - Memory device.ppt
computer memory
Slides: 14 Words: 635 Sounds: 0 Effects: 12Computer device. Computer and human memory. Does the computer have a prototype? Sense organs (information input). Physiological organs Language, hands, feet, facial expressions (information output). MEMORY Internal and external. Computer (computer). Structure personal computer. Information highway (tire). Input Devices. output devices. external memory. Controllers. Von Neumann principles. Perception of information. Forms of presentation of information. Formal LANGUAGES. natural languages. Facial expressions and gestures. Graphic form of information presentation. Data storage. Inner memory of a person. - Computer memory.ppt
PC memory
Slides: 29 Words: 1291 Sounds: 0 Effects: 95PC memory. Computer memory. main memory. Inner memory. Persistent storage device. System block: memory. Permanent memory. cache memory. System unit. semi-permanent memory. Video memory. Long term memory. main function. Diskettes. Work rules. Winchesters. Laser CDs. DVDs. Working surface. HD DVD. Blu-ray. Flash memory. Non-volatile rewritable type of memory. Streamers. Types of memory. Type Comparison external memory. User. Flexible magnetic disks. - PC memory.ppt
Computer memory
Slides: 18 Words: 615 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0Memory. Let's consider concepts: Supporting Information. New Information storage process. Comparative characteristics memory devices. Types of media: in ancient times, stone, wood, papyrus, leather, etc. In the II century. China invented paper. Information carrier. Examples of repositories: document archives, libraries, directories, file cabinets. Information storage. Basic properties of the information storage: Information in the TSB is 4x108 bits. The speed of modern computers has crossed the line of hundreds of millions of bits per second. Processing the word "computer" would take almost 100 years. Data from the mouse - 1 time per year. - Computer memory.ppsx
Computer memory devices
Slides: 25 Words: 1493 Sounds: 2 Effects: 93Introduction to the microprocessor. Chip. Microprocessor. The ALU is responsible for data processing. The processor operates with machine words. Computer speed. Maximum amount memory. Memory devices. The information in the PC must be encoded. The process of obtaining information from memory cells. Basic characteristics of memory. Access time. Memory. Characteristics. The microprocessor processes the data stored in the computer's memory. Memory cell. Permanent memory. external memory. Recording density. Flexible magnetic disk. Hard magnetic disks. Optical discs. - Computer memory devices.ppt
Memory in a computer
Slides: 13 Words: 325 Sounds: 0 Effects: 61Computer device. output devices. Monitor. Printer. Headphones. Columns. Matrix. Jet. Laser. External devices of a personal computer. External device system block. Structurally, the system unit can be made in horizontal () and vertical () versions. The internal memory of the computer. Internal memory is used to store information. Consists of individual bits grouped in groups of 8 bits (bytes). Each byte has its own number (address). Ram. When the power is turned off, the information in RAM disappears. Intel Celeron 700 MHz/128Mb/Hdd40Gb…ROM. - Memory in the computer.ppt
Computer internal memory
Slides: 14 Words: 340 Sounds: 0 Effects: 32Inner memory. The internal memory of the computer is designed for online data processing. Internal memory has 2 properties. discreteness. Addressability. Memory is measured in. bytes internal memory numbered. The numbering starts from zero. Serial number byte is called a byte address. There are the following types of internal memory: Operational. Permanent memory Semi-permanent memory Cache memory Video memory Designated RAM - Random Access Memory - memory with random access; Permanent memory. Device for long-term storage of programs and data. - Computer internal memory.ppt
RAM
Slides: 8 Words: 469 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0RAM. The logical structure of RAM. RAM is a set of cells. Each cell has its own unique address. Cell numbering starts from zero. Each memory cell has a capacity of 1 byte. The maximum amount of addressable memory is equal to the product of the number of cells N by 1 byte. RAM modules. Kingmax DDR2-667 memory module. Kingston DDR PC3200 memory module. RAM is made in the form of memory modules. DDR, DDR2 memory modules are installed in special slots on system board. throughput. The most important characteristic of RAM modules is throughput. - RAM.ppt
External memory
Slides: 25 Words: 821 Sounds: 0 Effects: 22external memory of the computer. The computer's external memory is non-volatile. External memory can be on magnetic and optical disks and magnetic tapes. Storage media are devices that store information for a long time. Flash memory. Magnetic principle. Magnetized area - 1. Non-magnetized area - 0. Magnetic media. GMD - flexible magnetic disks. HDD - hard magnetic disks. ML - magnetic tapes. Write protection window. Clamping device. Read/write hole. Sliding lid. Plastic case. Advantages of flexible suits: Cheap Lightweight Widespread Random access. - External memory.ppt
Types of external memory
Slides: 10 Words: 340 Sounds: 0 Effects: 68external memory. Diskettes. FMD = floppy disk, floppy disk. Formatting - marking, drawing sectors and tracks. Flash memory. Flash drives (up to 64 GB). Flash cards (up to 32 GB). Does not require power for storage high speed compactness. erase and write wear (100,000 cycles) high price for 1 GB. Laser CDs. Reliability, durability low cost. The read and write speed is lower than that of hard drives. DVDs. HD DVDs. HD DVD = high definition DVD (high definition). Development: toshiba together with NEC and sanyo support: microsoft, intel. High density Blu-ray discs. - Types of external memory.ppt
Computer external memory
Slides: 15 Words: 379 Sounds: 0 Effects: 47Functional diagram of a computer: External memory devices. Computer memory is a collection of devices for storing information. Memory. Internal. External. external memory. Magnetic disks. Optical discs. non-volatile memory. Hard magnetic disks. Flexible magnetic disks. CDs. DVDs. Flash drives. Memory cards. Independent work: Fill in a table in a notebook containing the main characteristics of long-term memory devices. You have 15-20 minutes to complete the task. An example of filling in a table: Test. Answer the questions: Why is non-volatile memory useful in mobile devices? - Computer external memory.ppt
External memory on the computer
Slides: 7 Words: 668 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0The disk surface is covered with a special magnetic layer (1 - magnetized area, 0 - not magnetized). Information is recorded on both sides of the disc on tracks in the form of concentric circles. Tracks are divided into sectors. The protective envelope has a special write protection window. A disk drive is a device that stores information on floppy disks. While the drive is in operation, the disc rotates. Capacity hard drives. The main parameter is the capacity, measured in gigabytes. Failures occur during the operation of the computer. Hard disks use rather fragile and miniature elements. - External memory on the computer.ppt
hard disk device
Slides: 15 Words: 362 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0Device and principle of operation hard drive. HDD. Hard Disk Drive (HDD). Winchester. Hard disk drive (HDD). The main purpose of the hard drive: Information from the history: Outwardly, the hard drive looks like a small metal box. Form Factor: HDD Horizontal Dimensions: 1.8" ; 2.5"; 3.5" or 5.25". Information carrier. A hard drive contains one or more disks (platters). Mounted on an axis-spindle driven by a special motor. Magnetic heads. Read-write heads. - Hard disk device.ppt
Flash memory
Slides: 15 Words: 489 Sounds: 0 Effects: 9Presentation. Information carriers. Flash memory. Flash memory Pimeneniya. Flash Memory Disadvantages. Operating principle. Flash Memory History. Flash Memory Characteristics. The speed of some devices with flash memory can reach up to 100 Mb / s. So a speed of 100x means 100? 150 Kb/s = 15,000 Kb/s = 14.65 Mb/s. Basically, the volume of a flash memory chip is measured from kilobytes to several gigabytes. Flash memory Types of memory cards. Compact disc. Initially, the CD was created for digital audio storage (the so-called hard drive. It is the main data storage device in almost all modern computers. - Flash memory.ppt
CD DVD
Slides: 61 Words: 5975 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0CD/DVD technologies for the user. Main. CD technology. CD - Compact Disk (compact disc). CD-ROM - Compact Disk Read Only Memory. Read-only storage device on a CD. CD-ROM Drive - a device for reading CD-ROM media. CD-RW Drive - Compact Disk Read/Write Drive. CD-ROM reader, CD-R recordings and rewriting CD-RW media. CD-RW - Compact Disk Read/Write (Rewritable CD). A CD designed to be rewritable. Basic terms cd-technology. 80 or 120 mm optical disc, 1.2 mm thick. Presentation of information on cd/dvd - rom. - CD DVD.ppt
Computer memory management
Slides: 22 Words: 1232 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0Operating Systems. Memory management. The physical organization of memory. hierarchy of memory. Representation of threads in RAM. Linking addresses. virtual space. virtual address space. Memory allocation algorithms. Scheme with fixed sections. dynamic distribution. Schema with variable sections. Page organization. The connection of logical and physical address. addressing scheme. Segment and segment-page organization of memory. Logical address translation. Formation of the address at the page-segment organization of memory. - Computer memory management.ppt
Types of computer memory
Slides: 20 Words: 487 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0Types of computer memory. High-speed electronic memory. Inner memory. RAM. Microcircuits. Capacity. Memory module. Memory module with two rows of contacts. cache memory. The memory is implemented on static memory chips. Installed on the system board. Video memory. Video processing speed. Special memory. ROM. non-volatile memory. Basic system. BIOS. ROM type. - Types of computer memory.ppt
Types of computer memory
Slides: 10 Words: 882 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0computer memory. The structure of the internal memory. Internal and external memory. Inner memory. Diagram of a computer device. The structure of the computer's internal memory. Bit structure. Media and external memory devices. Optical discs. Briefly about the main thing. - Types of computer memory.ppt
Writing information to disk
Slides: 9 Words: 40 Sounds: 1 Effects: 16Optical recording principle. and reading information. laser drives. Recordings from audio CDs are played using optical (laser) players. Duration sound program reaches one hour. Such disks are produced by stamping and have a silver color. There are CD-Rs and DVD-Rs (R stands for recordable) that are golden in color. Information on such discs can be written, but only once. Such drives allow you to write and read information from disks at different speeds. - Write information to disk.ppt
Inner memory
Slides: 18 Words: 459 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0Memory. Inner memory. Property of internal memory. Addressability. RAM. Temporary information. recording modes. Memory capacity range. Permanent memory. A computer. Microcircuits. cache memory. Cache usage. Two types of cache memory. Video memory. Registers. CPU. - Internal memory.ppt
Working and long-term memory
Slides: 11 Words: 466 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0Working and long-term memory. Random access memory (RAM - random access memory). HDD. Graphics card, video card. Sound board. network card. TV tuner. 3.5 inch floppy drive. Diskette. CD drives. Flash memory Flash memory (flash) - a kind of semiconductor. - Working and long-term memory.ppt
Cache
Slides: 39 Words: 1720 Sounds: 0 Effects: 5Organization of memory. Hierarchy of memory. Scheme of hierarchical memory construction. Interleaving. Cache organization. The structure of the cache. RAM. Controller. Data search. Basic issues of organizing cache memory. Display algorithms. An example of "slippage" cache memory. The dependence of the number of misses. Comparison of address mapping algorithms. Recording algorithms. Algorithms for replacing cache lines. Substitution algorithm. Cache line size. Basic cache settings. CPU. Effective use memory hierarchy. Schematic of hierarchical memory. Sequential data traversal. Arrangement of an array in memory. - Cache.ppt
long term memory
Slides: 20 Words: 567 Sounds: 1 Effects: 4External (long-term) memory. main function. magnetic memory. Magnetic media. Flexible magnetic disks. Hard magnetic disks. optical memory. optical media. CDs. DVDs. HD DVD, Blu-Ray. Types of optical discs. Optical drives CD. Optical DVD drives. Flash memory. Flash cards. Flaws. - Long-term memory.ppt
External storage media
Slides: 11 Words: 2374 Sounds: 0 Effects: 20external memory. The main carriers of external memory. Floppy disks. HDD. Optical discs. Information. Multiple Recording Technology. Optical drives. Flash memory. Flash memory cards. Application of flash memory. - External storage media.ppt
External memory devices
Slides: 20 Words: 1250 Sounds: 0 Effects: 135external memory. Long term storage. Magnetic principle writing and reading information. Flexible magnetic disks. Hard magnetic disks. optical principle. Laser beam. Optical discs. Laser drives and disks. Information. recording layer. Drives. Reading speed. Flash memory. The principle of recording. Flash memory cards. Use of flash memory cards. Manufacturers. USB flash drives. Magnetic head core. - External memory devices.pptx
External memory drives
Slides: 22 Words: 872 Sounds: 0 Effects: 31Means of information storage. external memory. Characteristics of external memory. Classification of media by type of access. Classification of media by the method of writing-reading. Flexible magnetic disks. The disk must be formatted. Options. Let's calculate the total information capacity of a formatted disk. Disk formatting. Hard magnetic disks. First hard drive. Winchester. Magnetic tapes. Laser (optical) disks. Classification of laser discs. Disks. Flash memory samples. Media type. - External memory drives.ppt
Disks
Slides: 18 Words: 644 Sounds: 0 Effects: 1The disk subsystem of a computer. Floppy disk drives. Diskette device. Hard disk drives. Hard disk drive or HDD .Thermal magnetic recording.SSD (Solid State Drives).Solid State Drive (Eng. Hybrid Drives.CD Drives.CD 120mm in diameter is made of polymer and covered with a metal film.-Discs.pptx
Hard disk partitions
Slides: 13 Words: 925 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0Creating and configuring new hard disk partitions. Disk formatting. Tools for creating partitions and formatting disks. Note. Computer startup. D key to delete an existing partition. Section in place where there is already one. Usage file system NTFS. Installer. Windows installation xp. - Hard disk partitions.ppt
Memory cards
Slides: 17 Words: 678 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0Memory cards. Typically, secure memory cards contain an immutable identification data area. USB flash memory. It looks like a normal flash drive connected to USB port. The capacity of memory cards is very different - from a few megabytes to ten gigabytes. Compact Flash memory card (128 MB). Smart Media Memory Card (128 MB). High speed (88x) 2 GB SecureDigital flash memory card. As technology advances, memory cards are getting smaller and smaller. Nowadays, without memory cards, nowhere. - Memory cards.pptx
CD DVD discs
Slides: 27 Words: 1389 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0CD/DVD. History of appearance. mechanical way. Video recording method. Signal. Video recording method. Diameter. Technological features. DVD. Main characteristics. 8 titles. Varieties. information layer. DSSL. SSDL. DVD-R. An alloy of germanium, antimony and tellurium. Main developer. Sampling frequency. Average speed. happening on the TV screen. Compression. Application. Opinion. DVD-RW. - CD DVD discs.ppt
Disc creation
Slides: 13 Words: 2598 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0History of creation of CD and DVD disks. History of creation CD. Physicist. Inventor. Technology rights. Contribution to the development of science and technology. History of DVD creation. A stunning impression. Record. Well known film. DVD. DVD player. A wide variety of information. - Create disk.ppt
CD Burner XP
Slides: 12 Words: 417 Sounds: 0 Effects: 23CD Burner XP. Purpose of the program. Program launch. Window content. Files and folders. Carrier. Program. Recording an audio CD. Program window. The disk image burning window. Disc copy window. Erase disk. -
1 slide
2 slide
External memory of the computer External memory of the computer is designed for long-term storage of large amounts of information. The computer's external memory is non-volatile. External memory can be on magnetic and optical disks and magnetic tapes.
3 slide
External computer memory Storage media - devices that allow you to save information for a long time. Information storage devices (drives) are devices that provide information recording to the media, as well as its reading into random access memory.
4 slide
Computer external memory The main types of modern storage media and their corresponding drives Flash-memory magnetic optical media Drives GMD (floppy disks, floppy disks) HDD hard drive ML NML (streamers) CD-ROM CD-ROM CD-R CD-RW CD-RW CD-RW DVD DVD
5 slide
External memory of a computer The basis for recording, storing and reading information on external media is based on 2 principles: magnetic optical
6 slide
External computer memory Magnetic principle magnetized area - 1 non-magnetized area - 0
7 slide
External computer memory Magnetic media FMD - floppy magnetic disks FMD - hard magnetic disks ML - magnetic tapes
8 slide
External computer memory GMD - floppy disks Floppy disks (floppy disks, Floppy disk) allow you to transfer information from one computer to another, store information that is not constantly used on a PC: archival and copies. The floppy disk size is 3.5 inches The memory capacity is 1.44 MB The process of writing and reading information is slow (≈ 50 Kb / s or 360 rpm)
9 slide
External computer memory GMD - floppy disks Write protection window Clamping device Read/write opening Sliding cover Plastic case
10 slide
External computer memory GMD - floppy disks advantages of floppy disks: Cheap Lightweight Widespread Random access disadvantages of floppy disks: Slowest media Small amount of memory
11 slide
External memory of the computer FMD - hard magnetic rims Hard A magnetic disk is a series of thin metal (aluminum alloy) disks located one below the other, rotating very quickly on the same axis, and enclosed in a metal case. Located inside the system unit. The amount of memory is measured in GB (80,150, etc.) Information access speed 133 Mb / s (7200 rpm)
12 slide
External computer memory HDD - hard magnetic disks advantages of hard disks: It is located in a hermetically sealed case Reliably protected from dust and other contaminants Read and write speed from a hard disk is high Random access
13 slide
External computer memory ZhMD - hard magnetic disks Hard disks are usually mounted in the same housing with the drive, so the whole device is called a hard drive: drive + media
14 slide
External memory of the ML computer - magnetic tapes A cassette with a roll of magnetic tape in a plastic casing. Its main advantage is its relative low cost and large memory capacity. The main disadvantage is that it takes more time to access information than with other types of memory.
15 slide
External computer memory Magnetic disks - direct (random) access devices Magnetic tapes - sequential access devices
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External memory of a computer Optical principle, optical media CD disks - a device for storing information that is encoded by alternating reflective and non-reflective areas on a spiral track of a disk The size of a laser disk is 4.72 ”Memory capacity ≈ 650MB
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Computer external memory Optical principle, optical media CD-ROM is a read-only optical storage medium.
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External computer memory Optical principle, CD-R (CD-Recordable) optical media allows you to burn your own CDs.
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External memory of the computer Optical principle, CD-RW optical media allows you to record and rewrite CD-RW discs, record CD-R discs, read CD-ROM discs. They are universal.
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The main function of external memory is long-term storage of information. External memory Magnetic memory Optical memory Flash memory
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Magnetic principle of recording and reading information
In floppy disk drives (FMD) and hard disk drives (HDD), information recording is based on the magnetization of ferromagnets in a magnetic field, information storage is based on the preservation of magnetization, and information reading is based on the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction. In the absence of strong magnetic fields and high temperatures carrier elements can retain their magnetization for a long time (years, decades).
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Flexible magnetic disks
Flexible magnetic disks are placed in a plastic case. This storage medium is called a floppy disk. The information capacity of a floppy disk is small and amounts to 1.44 MB. The speed of writing and reading information is also low - about 50 KB / s due to the slow rotation of the disk (360 rpm.)
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Hard magnetic disks
A hard magnetic disk consists of several tens of disks placed on the same axis, enclosed in a metal case and rotating at a high angular velocity. Due to the larger number of tracks on each side of the disks and the large number of disks, the information capacity of the disks is quite large. Read-write speed - 300 Mb / s (via SATA bus), which is achieved due to the fast rotation of disks (up to 7200 rpm.).
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Optical principle of recording and reading information
In the process of recording information on laser discs, various technologies are used to create surface areas with different reflection coefficients: from simple stamping to changing the reflectivity of disc surface areas using a powerful laser. Information on a laser disk is recorded on one spiral track containing alternating sections with different reflectivity.
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In the process of reading information from laser discs, a laser beam installed in the drive falls on the surface of a rotating disc and is reflected. Since the surface has areas with different reflection coefficients, the reflected beam also changes its intensity (0 or 1). Then the reflected pulses are converted with the help of photocells into electrical impulses and are transmitted along the highway to the RAM.
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Optical discs
Optical CDs are designed to use an infrared laser with a wavelength of 780 nm and have an information capacity of 700 MB. Optical DVDs are designed to use a 650nm red laser. They have a larger information capacity compared to CDs (4.7 GB) due to their smaller width and denser placement of optical tracks. DVDs can be double-layered (capacity 8.5 GB), while both layers have a reflective surface that carries information. Currently on the market optical discs HD DVD and Blu Ray, the information capacity of which is 3-5 times greater than the information capacity of DVD discs due to the use of a blue laser with a wavelength of 405 nanometers.
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Laser drives and discs
On the laser CD-ROM and DVD-ROM discs store information that was written to them during the manufacturing process. Writing new information to them is not possible. Such discs are produced by stamping microscopic physical depressions (areas with poor reflectivity) on the track.
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On the CD-R discs and DVD-R information can be written but only once. Data is written to the disc by a high-powered laser beam, which destroys the organic dye of the recording layer and changes its reflective properties. By controlling the power of the laser, an alternation of dark and light spots is obtained on the recording layer, which, when read, are interpreted as logical 0 or 1. The structure of a DVD disc
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Information on CD-RW and DVD±RW discs can be written and erased multiple times. The recording layer is made of a special alloy that can be brought to two different stable states of aggregation by heating - amorphous and crystalline. When writing (or erasing), the laser beam heats up a section of the track and brings it into one of the stable states, which are characterized by varying degrees of transparency. When reading, the laser beam has less power and does not change the state of the recording layer, but alternating sections with different transparency interpreted as logical 0 and 1. DVD-RW disc structure CD-RW disc structure
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Optical CD and DVD drives use a laser to read or write information. The speed of reading / writing information depends on the speed of rotation of the disk. The first CD drives were single-speed and provided a reading speed of 150 KB / s. Currently, CD drives are widely used, which provide 52 times the speed of reading and writing discs. (up to 7.8 MB / s).. CD-RW discs are written at a lower speed, so CD drives are marked with 3 numbers “read speed × CD-R write speed × CD-RW write speed.
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The first generation of DVD drives provided a reading speed of approximately 1.3 MB / s. Currently, DVD drives are widely used, which provide 16 times the read speed (approximately 21 MB/s), 8 times the write speed of DVD±R discs, and 6 times the write speed of DVD±RW discs. DVD drives are labeled with three numbers (for example, "16 × 8 × 6").
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Flash memory
Flash memory properties Solid-state - containing no mechanically moving parts, built on the basis of semiconductor chips Non-volatile - does not require additional energy to store data (power is required only for writing) Rewritable - allowing changes to the data stored in it
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The principle of writing and reading on flash memory cards
Flash memory uses electrical signals to write and read information. In the simplest case, each flash memory cell stores one bit of information and consists of a single field-effect transistor with a special electrically isolated area (“floating gate”). In the absence of a signal on the control line, the memory cell stores one bit of information (0 or 1) at the drain of the field effect transistor. No current flows between drain and source. When data is written, a positive voltage is applied to the control line and electrons, as a result of the tunneling effect, enter the floating gate. Between drain and source electricity and as a result, one bit of data is written to the drain of the FET.
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Flash memory cards
Flash memory is a microchip placed in a miniature flat package. Flash memory chips can contain billions of cells, each of which stores 1 bit of information. Information recorded on flash memory can be stored for a very long time (from 20 to 100 years) and is able to withstand significant mechanical loads (5-10 times higher than the maximum allowable for hard drives). Flash memory is smaller and consumes significantly less power (about 10-20 times) than magnetic and optical drives. Flash memory drives are a flash memory chip supplemented with a USB controller and are connected to a USB serial port. USB flash drives can be used as removable media.
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Questions
Why is the core of the magnetic head made of a soft magnetic material, and the magnetic layer of the carrier is made of a hard magnetic material? How can you increase the storage capacity of hard drives? Why do CD drives use an infrared laser, DVD drives use a red laser, and HDDVD and Blu-ray drives use a blue laser? What is the difference between CD-ROMs, CD-R and CD-RW? What do the numbers on DVD drives mean? What is the difference between flash memory chips and RAM chips? What is the advantage of flash memory over magnetic and optical memory?
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