home PC software The structure of graphical interfaces. An example of a simple program with a graphical interface The structure of a simple windows program with a graphical interface

The structure of graphical interfaces. An example of a simple program with a graphical interface The structure of a simple windows program with a graphical interface

Lesson number 12.
Topic: "Graphic Windows interface».
Lesson Objectives:
- to help students learn the concept of a graphical interface, how to manage in Windows, to give the basic concepts necessary to work on a computer.
- education of information culture of students, attentiveness, accuracy, discipline, perseverance.
- development of cognitive interests, skills of working with the mouse and keyboard, self-control, the ability to take notes.

Equipment:
board, computer, computer presentation.

Lesson plan:
I. Org. moment. (1 minute)
II. Checking and updating knowledge. (2 minutes)
III. Theoretical part. (12 min)
IV. Practical part. (16 min)
V. D / s (2 min)
VI. Questions from students. (5 minutes)
VII. Summary of the lesson. (2 minutes)

During the classes:
I. Org. moment.
Greeting, checking those present. Explanation of the lesson.

II. Knowledge update.
Currently, all operating systems for personal computers provide user interaction through a graphical interface.

This allows even a novice computer user to work confidently in the operating system environment (perform operations with files, run programs, and so on).

In this lesson, we will look at how to manage this most important and complex program, i.e. Windows OS.

III. Theoretical part.

The graphical interface allows human-computer interaction in the form of a dialogue using windows, menus, and controls (dialog boxes, buttons, and so on).
The interface is an intermediary, a translator, whose task is to transform all the internal “control levers” of Windows into a graphic form understandable to people. You can argue endlessly about the numerous shortcomings and shortcomings in certain elements of the Windows interface. It is possible, shaking with dusty historical reference books, to prove that all the best that is contained in it, Microsoft simply copied from its competitors - Unix, MacOS, Linux, OS / 2 ... But why? In any case, what we see during a Windows session looks not only logical and convenient, but in some cases also simply beautiful!

The Windows interface is simple and accessible, and almost everyone can solve almost all of its mysteries.

To work with the graphical interface, a mouse or other coordinate input device is used, while the user must be able to perform:
left click - a single press and release of the main (usually left) mouse button;
right click - a single press and release of an additional (usually right) mouse button;
double click - two clicks of the main mouse button with a minimum time interval between them;
dragging (dragging) - pressing the left or right mouse button and moving the object with the button pressed.

Windows GUI elements :
Desktop.
The name "Desktop" is aptly chosen. On it, as well as on a regular desktop, there are various programs and tools presented in the form of icons, or icons.
Icons.
Icons in Windows denote programs, documents. It is launched by double-clicking on the icon. The program can be located directly on the Desktop, or it can be hidden deep on the disk, but in this case it is presented on the Desktop in its own way - a shortcut.
Labels.
A program shortcut is not the program itself, but only its image, an indication of the place on the disk where it is located. Double clicking on the shortcut also launches the program. Labels differ from icons by the presence of a small arrow at the bottom left.
Task bar.
Located at the bottom of the screen. On it are: the Start button, buttons for open windows, indicators and a clock.
Window.
A window is one of the main elements of the Windows interface.

Desktop. How to find the Desktop? - ask many novice users. No way. In the sense that the desktop is simply impossible to find. For everything that you see on your screen after starting Windows is what it is.

The name "Desktop" is chosen very well. On their usual desktop, people keep all the tools they need, documents, and so on. Windows Virtual Desktop also brings together the programs and tools you need most, presented as icons.

So far, there are only a few small icons on our Desktop. Some of them look like rectangular yellow folders, some are marked with other pictures. Some have an arrow-shaped icon in the lower left corner, others do not ... It's easy to get confused.

In addition to icons, the desktop may contain windows, context menu and much more.

Badges . Both programs and documents are indicated by icons similar to each other. By clicking on any of them, you can launch the program you need and immediately open a document in it. It's simple - sit yourself and click on the icons!

An icon corresponds to a single file - a document or a program. A program often consists of several hundred files, but Microsoft believes (and with good reason) that the user doesn't need to see them all. Enough of one - the file that starts the program. And this is often reasonable.

Document icons replace file extensions. So in the caption to the icons you will see only the name of the file.
Each program installed in Windows has its own, original icon. And this icon, as a rule, is present in one way or another in the icon of a document created using this program. Thus, looking at the icon, you will always know what type of files it corresponds to.

An icon can represent not only a file, but also a folder. Or a directory, or a directory - whoever is used to it. By clicking on it with the left mouse button, you can open the folder in the form of a window. In this case, all files living in this folder will be represented by a kind of "portrait gallery" - a number of icons with signatures.
By clicking on the program icon, you will give a command to execute it - as the computer scientists say, "run".

Any icons you can rename, move from folder to folder, delete or copy with the mouse. However, remember that any operations on icons are operations on the original program files or document. Removing an icon from the Desktop or from any folder, you thereby physically delete the file from the disk - and this is worth doing only if you are sure of the need for this action.

Labels . There are, however, other types of icons, any operations with which will not affect the original files in any way - shortcuts. These icons differ from the usual ones by the presence of a small black arrow in the lower left corner.

The English term shortcut translated by the word "shortcut" is not entirely successful. More precisely, it would be a “pointer”, since this very shortcut on the Desktop, pointing to a file located elsewhere, serves as its shadow, reflection.

The fact is that, despite all the brilliance and novelty of the Windows graphical interface, under it lies the usual, familiar to us all structure of the "directory tree". Each program lies in its own directory. And our Desktop is, in fact, a real directory.

What happens if we want to mark some program on our desktop, for example, Microsoft Word? The program is launched by the winword.exe file, which is located along with other Word files in the C:\Program Files\Microsoft Office\Office\ folder. And you cannot move the file to any other folder, including the Desktop - the program will not work ... But you can create a pointer on the Desktop - a shortcut! This icon will differ from the icon of the program itself only with an arrow in the corner, but it will provide the user with downright unlimited possibilities! The icon can be fearlessly renamed or deleted without fear for the fate of the program or document itself - with any changes, they will remain in good health.
Shortcuts do not require the presence of the program itself in the folder where we place this shortcut. Inside the shortcut is not the program itself, but only a link containing the exact address programs.

For quick access to disks, a printer, and frequently used documents, it is advisable to create shortcuts on the desktop. A shortcut differs from an icon in that it denotes an object that is actually located not on the Desktop, but in some other folder. The arrow means that we do not have the object itself, but a link to it. Shortcuts are created by dragging object icons onto the desktop.

Task bar. At the bottom of the screen is the Taskbar, which contains the Start button, buttons for running tasks and open folders, indicators, and a clock. The Start button allows you to call the Main Menu, which provides access to almost all system resources and contains commands for launching applications, system settings, searching for files and documents, accessing the help system, etc.

Windows is a multitasking operating system, which means that multiple applications can run concurrently. Each running application is identified by a button on the Taskbar, and the transition from working in one application to working in another can be done by clicking on the button. A running (active) application is displayed on the taskbar as a pressed button.

Various panels can be displayed on the taskbar. At the far right of the taskbar is the language bar, which indicates the character input language. For example, the Ru indicator means that the Russian keyboard layout is currently being used.
The notification area (tray (tray)) is used to display icons for some programs related to the operation of the computer. To keep the taskbar clean, an arrow button may be visible instead of the icons of rarely used objects presented in the notification area. Click this button to display all icons.
The digital clock on the taskbar shows the current time. To see current date, month and year, just move the mouse pointer to the clock.

Window . The most important element of the Windows graphical interface is windows, indeed, after all, “windows” in translation means “windows”. There are two main types of windows - application windows and document windows.
A window is a framed portion of the screen that displays an application, document, or message.
Application windows. The application window runs any running application or displays the contents of a folder. Opening or closing an application window is the same as starting or terminating a program. Application windows can be moved to any place on the Desktop, expanded to full screen or minimized to buttons on the taskbar.

The main elements of the application window are :
working area: the inner part of the window, contains nested folders or document windows;
borders: a frame that bounds the window on four sides. The window can be resized by dragging the border with the mouse;
title: the line directly below the top border of the window, containing the title of the window;
system menu icon: the button on the left in the title bar opens the menu for moving and resizing the window;
menu bar: located directly below the heading, contains menu items, provides access to commands;
toolbar: located below the menu bar, is a set of buttons, provides fast access to some commands;
Minimize, Maximize/Restore, Close buttons are located in the upper right part of the window.
scrollbars. If the text or picture does not completely fit in the program window, then scroll bars appear on the bottom or right to view it, which can be moved, revealing areas that do not fit on the screen.

Document windows. Document windows are designed to work with documents and "live" inside application windows. You can expand, minimize, move, or resize these windows, but they always stay within their application window. The document window has the same control buttons as the application window.

The document window contains a title bar (containing the name of the document) and often scroll bars (appearing when the document does not fit entirely in the window) and rulers.

A window is active (current) if this moment the user is working. Otherwise, the window will be passive (in a passive state). If the window is in the passive state (the title bar is not highlighted), then by clicking on any part of it with the mouse, you can switch it to the active state.

The menu is one of the main elements of the graphical interface and is a list of commands (usually grouped thematically) from which you need to make a choice (by placing the mouse pointer on the menu item and clicking). Selecting a menu item results in the execution of a specific command. If a menu command is followed by an ellipsis, selecting it will result in a dialog box that allows the user to get or enter additional information.

Questions:
What is a graphical user interface?
What is managed in Windows?
What actions can be performed with the mouse?
List the elements of the Windows GUI.
What is a desktop?
What is the difference between icons and labels?
How to get access to all programs installed on the computer and to all Windows settings?
Where are digital clock?
How to switch input language with mouse?
How to find out the current date?
List the main elements of a window.

III. Practical part.

Today, in the practical part, we will continue working with Notepad and learn how to copy and move text. For these purposes, we will use the clipboard. The clipboard is an area of RAM designed to temporarily store data when transferred from one place to another. This memory gives us operating system.

To put some data on the clipboard, you must first select it. You can select text in Notepad different ways, for example:
while holding down the button, move through the text using the arrow buttons;
select text by holding down the left (main) mouse button;
to select several parts of text, select them with the mouse while holding down the button on the keyboard;
To select all text, use the Edit command→ Select all;
to select all text, you can use the special key combination + [A] ...

To remove the selection, just click the left mouse button anywhere in the text or press any cursor key without pressing .

But what to do after the text is selected? Let's go to Notepad's help system and find information about copying text. Students work with help...
To cut, copy, paste, or delete text:
To cut a piece of text to move to another location, select desired text, and then choose Cut from the Edit menu.
To copy a piece of text for pasting elsewhere, select the text you want, and then choose Copy from the Edit menu.
To paste a copied or cut piece of text, place the cursor at the insertion point, and then choose Paste from the Edit menu.
To delete text, select it and choose Delete from the Edit menu.

And now the task: a certain student Ivanov Ivan memorized the verse of A.S. Pushkin's "Winter Morning", but at the lesson he was confused and mixed up all the lines. Help Ivanov remember the poem.
The file with the verse (with mixed lines) is C:\Our lesson\Lesson12 Practice.txt. Save the result of the work in your folder under the name "Winter Morning".
Students complete the task.

IV. D / s
Know the elements of the Windows graphical interface, be able to work with windows. For students who have computers at home, continue to master the "blind ten-finger typing method."

Extra challenge: Learn how you can create an extra panel with shortcuts to the programs you use most often.

V. Students' questions.
Answers to students' questions.

VI. Summary of the lesson.
Summing up the lesson. Grading.
In the lesson, we looked at the elements of the Windows graphical interface. We also learned how to move part of the text using the Windows clipboard.

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Course work

"Windows GUI"

Introduction

1. History creating Windows

3. Windows desktop

3.1 Desktop icons

3.2 Taskbar

4. Windows and working with them

4.1 Main types of windows

4.2 Working with windows

5.Windows menu

5.1 System menu

5.4 Search box

6. Side Windows panel and Widgets (Widgets)

6.2 Interface setup

Conclusion

Bibliography

Applications

windows widgets interface

Introduction

Currently, all operating systems for personal computers provide user interaction using a graphical interface.

This allows even a novice computer user to work confidently in the operating system environment (perform operations with files, run programs, and so on).

The graphical interface allows human-computer interaction in the form of a dialogue using windows, menus, and controls (dialog boxes, buttons, and so on).

The main elements of the Windows GUI are:

1. Desktop.

2. The taskbar, which contains soft buttons, indicators, the Quick Launch Bar.

3. Main menu (Start button).

Context menu (displayed when clicking right click mouse over the selected object).

1. The history of the creation of Windows

The history of Windows begins in November 1985, when the first version of Windows 1.0 appeared. It was a set of programs that extended the capabilities of existing operating systems for greater ease of use. A few years later, the second version (Windows 2.0) was released, but did not gain much popularity.

In 1990, the next version was released - Windows 3.0, which began to be used on many personal computers.

The popularity of the new version of Windows was due to several reasons. The graphical interface made it possible to work with data not with the help of commands entered on the command line, but with the help of visual and understandable actions on graphical objects denoting this data. Also, the ability to work with several programs at the same time has significantly increased the convenience and efficiency of work.

Moreover, the convenience and ease of writing programs for Windows has led to the emergence of an increasing variety of programs that run on Windows. Work with a variety of computer equipment was better organized, which, in the end, also determined the popularity of the system.

Subsequent versions of Windows have provided improved reliability as well as media support in (Windows 3.1) and networking (Windows 3.11).

In parallel with the development of Windows, Microsoft in 1988 began work on a new operating system called Windows NT. The main task was to create a system that provides a high level of reliability and efficient support for network operation. At the same time, the Windows NT interface did not differ from the Windows 3.0 interface. In 1992, Windows NT 3.1 was released, and in 1994, Windows NT 3.5.

In 1995, the famous Windows 95 appeared, which became a new stage in windows history and personal computers in general. Compared to Windows 3.1, the interface has changed significantly, and the speed of programs has increased.

The new operating system allowed automatic configuration additional devices computer to resolve conflicts when interacting between them. In addition, Windows 95 took the first steps to implement support for the then nascent Internet.

The Windows 95 interface became the main one for the entire Windows family, and in 1996 a revised version of the Windows NT 4.0 server operating system appeared, which has the same interface as Windows 95.

In 1998, Windows 98 appeared (Fig. 1) with a significantly redesigned structure compared to Windows 95. In the new version, much attention was paid to working with the Internet, as well as support for modern network protocols. There is also support for working with multiple monitors.

Rice. 1. Windows 98

The next stage in the development of Windows was the emergence of Windows 2000 (Fig. 2) and Windows Me (Millennium Edition). Windows 2000 was developed on the basis of Windows NT and inherited from it the high reliability and security of information from outside interference.

Coursework "Windows GUI"

Two versions were released: Windows 2000 Server for Servers and Windows 2000 Professional for Workstations, which many have installed on home computers.

Fig.2. Windows 2000 Professional

operating room Windows system Me became an enhanced version of Windows 98 with improved media support. It is believed that Windows Me has become one of the most unsuccessful Windows versions, was characterized by unstable work, often “hangs” and crashes.

As a result, just a year after its release, a new operating system, Windows XP, appeared (Fig. 3). It happened in 2001.

The Windows XP operating system was based on Windows kernel NT and therefore featured the highest stability and performance compared to previous versions Windows. It also has been seriously redesigned graphical interface, introduced support for new functions and programs.

Fig.3. Windows XP

Surprisingly, Windows XP has been so successful that even at the end of 2008 it held almost 70% of the operating system market. Three service packs have been released for Windows XP ( service pack), the last of which was released in April 2008. Each of the packages expanded the capabilities of the operating system, eliminated errors, made the system more reliable and secure. This system was and remains popular and rightfully became the most successful and long-lived operating system from Microsoft.

In 2003, a new version of Windows Server 2003 was released, (Fig. 4) which came to Windows replacement 2000. After some time, an update was released, called Windows Server 2003 R2. Windows Server 2003 operating system installed new standard in terms of reliability and performance, becoming one of the most successful Microsoft server systems.

Fig.4. Windows Server 2003

Even before the release of Windows XP, Microsoft was actively developing a new version of the operating system, codenamed Windows Longhorn. Then the name was changed to Windows Vista.

The new operating system Windows Vista (Fig.5.) appeared in 2007. Traditionally, the operating system for home users was based on the powerful and reliable Windows Server 2003 SP1 kernel (just as Windows XP was based on the Windows NT kernel).

Figure 5 Windows Vista

In Windows Vista, the user interface has been radically changed, the security system has been seriously improved, and a host of new features and functions have appeared. However, Windows Vista turned out to be too slow and demanding on system resources. After the Windows XP system, the requirements of Vista shocked many, and older computers were simply unable to provide a smooth operation of this system.

In 2009, another version was released - the remarkable Windows 7 (Fig. 6). Let's start with the fact that this operating system has been fixed key windows errors Vista. As a result, the “seven” turned out to be very fast, reliable and productive. In fact, she became what was expected from Vista from the very beginning.

Rice. 6. Windows 7

With the release of Service Pack 1, its position has only intensified. By 2012, Windows 7 had become the most popular operating system in the world, finally overtaking Windows XP. In fact, the "seven" became what XP was for many years - the main operating system that coped with all the tasks. She had almost no problems with the drivers. This is a true successor to Windows XP.

But, while Microsoft was losing the race in the tablet and smartphone markets, the company desperately needed a new product that would unite all devices at once within a single Metro interface - smartphones, laptops, desktop computers and tablets.

And the result was the Windows 8 operating system (Figure 8), which was released in October 2012. For the first time, Microsoft decided on a radical interface change that was far more shocking than the changes in Vista. Instead of the usual desktop, the user was greeted with strange tiles, and the “Start” button was completely absent. The interface of some intrigued, others scared away.

Rice. 7. Windows 8

Technical Windows features 8 is an optimized version of Windows 7. The new system has become much faster to boot, however, there are some problems with drivers and running games - but this is a temporary situation.

In 2013, the market acceptance process new system is in full swing. It is still too early to say how successful it has become. We can only say unequivocally that the fate of Windows 8 will not be easy. Some experts predict the fate of Windows Vista for it - a system that never recovered from its negative image.

2. Differences between non-graphical and graphical interfaces

According to the implementation of the user interface, non-graphical and graphical operating systems are distinguished. Non-graphical operating systems implement an interface command line. (Fig. 8.) The main control device in this case is the keyboard. Control commands are entered into the command line field, where they can be edited. Command execution begins after its approval, for example, by pressing the ENTER key. For computers on the IBM PC platform, the command line interface is provided by a family of operating systems collectively known as MS-DOS (versions from MS-DOS 1.0 to MS-DOS 6.2).

Rice. 8. Command line

Graphical operating systems implement a more complex type of interface in which a mouse or an adequate pointing device can be used as a control other than the keyboard. Working with a graphical operating system is based on the interaction of active and passive on-screen controls. (Figure 9.)

Rice. 9. Windows desktop

The active control element is the mouse pointer of a graphical object, the movement of which on the screen is synchronized with the movement of the mouse.

The passive controls are graphical application controls (on-screen buttons, icons, switches, checkboxes, drop-down lists, menu bars, and many others).

The nature of the interaction between active and passive controls is chosen by the user. At its disposal are techniques for hovering the mouse pointer over a control, clicking mouse buttons, and other means.

3. Windows desktop

The desktop is the main area of the screen that appears after turning on the computer and entering the Windows operating system (Fig. 9). Like the surface of a regular table, it serves as a work surface. running programs and open folders appear on the desktop. On the desktop, you can place various objects, such as files and folders, and arrange them in a convenient order.

The desktop definition is sometimes extended to include the taskbar. The taskbar is located at the bottom of the screen. Icons appear on the taskbar running programs, allowing you to switch between them. It also contains a Start button , which you can use to access programs, folders, and computer settings.

Rice. ten . Windows desktop

3.1 Desktop icons

Rice. 11. Examples of desktop icons

Icons are small pictures that represent programs, files, folders, and other objects. At the first Windows startup there is at least one icon on the desktop: the recycle bin. Your computer manufacturer may have added other icons to your desktop. Below are some examples of desktop icons. (Figure 10.)

Double-clicking a desktop icon launches or opens the item it represents.

Adding and removing icons on the desktop.

The icons that appear on the desktop can be selected by adding or removing them at any time. Some users prefer a clean, uncluttered desktop with few or no icons. Others place dozens of icons on their desktops for quick access to frequently used programs, files, and folders.

To make it easier to access from your desktop, you can create shortcuts to your favorite files and programs. A label is an icon that represents a link to an object, not the object itself. Double-clicking the shortcut opens the object. Deleting a shortcut only deletes the shortcut, not the original object. The label can be recognized by the arrow on its icon.

File icon (left) and shortcut (right)

3.2 Taskbar

The taskbar is the long horizontal bar at the bottom of the screen. Unlike the desktop, which can be obscured by open windows, the taskbar is almost always visible. It consists of three main parts.

· Start button , which opens the Start menu.

· The middle part, which displays open programs and files, allowing you to quickly switch between them.

· The notification area, which contains a clock and icons (thumbnails) that show the status of some programs and computer settings.

Rice. 12. Taskbar

Setting the taskbar.

There are many ways to customize the taskbar depending on your preferences. (Figure 12.) For example, you can move the taskbar to the left, right, or top of the screen. You can make the taskbar larger, or have Windows automatically hide it when the taskbar is not in use, or add new panels to the taskbar.

Rice. 13. Customize the taskbar

4. Windows and working with them

Windows introduces a graphical multi-window interface. You can open up to a hundred windows at the same time.

4.1 Main types of windows.

There are the following main types of windows:

b program windows - open when programs are launched (Fig. 14)

Rice. 14. Program windows

b dialog boxes- in which the user makes settings for executing various commands. (Figure 15.)

Rice. 15. Dialog boxes

ь document windows - in which the user directly works with documents. (Fig. 16)

Rice. 16.Document windows

ь windows of disks and folders - in such windows the contents of disks and folders are displayed. (Fig. 17)

Rice. 17. Drive and folder windows

4.2 Working with windows

Window management.

A window can exist in three states:

Full screen - the window is expanded to full screen;

Normal - the window occupies part of the screen;

Minimized - the window is "minimized" to a button (reduced to the size of an icon).

The concept of window management includes the following actions:

· resize the window, expand the window to full screen;

move the window around the screen;

minimize the window, restore the previous window size;

arrange windows on the screen;

· close a window;

switch between windows.

Ways to control the window are to use the window control buttons; mouse drag various elements window; using the keyboard.

Resizing the window.

Clicking on the maximize button will maximize the window to full screen.

To restore the window to its previous size, click the restore size button.

To expand a window to full screen (or restore its size), you can double-click on the title bar of the window or select the appropriate command

(Expand/Restore) in the system menu.

To resize a window, you need to point the mouse exactly at the border of the window or at any of its corners. When the mouse pointer becomes a double-sided arrow -- , press the left mouse button and drag the border to enlarge or reduce the window. Then release the mouse button.

Moving windows.

To move a window to a different location on the screen, point the mouse to the title bar of the window and, pressing the left mouse button, drag the window to a new location.

Minimizing the window.

To minimize the window, click on the minimize button.

You can also issue the Collapse command in one of the following ways:

ь from the context menu of the window button in the Taskbar.

ь from the system menu.

To minimize a window, you can double-click the window button on the Taskbar.
You can minimize all open windows at once. To do this, click the corresponding button in the panel Quick launch in the Taskbar or select the required command from the context menu of the Taskbar.
You can also minimize all windows using the keyboard:
Windows + M (Shift + Windows + M - expand); Windows+D.

Window ordering.

To arrange open windows on the screen, you need to select one of the commands in the context menu of the Taskbar:

· Cascade windows - windows of the same size, stacked, shifted so that all titles are visible;

· Windows from top to bottom and Windows from left to right - windows of the same size, divide the screen into equal parts, without overlapping each other;

· Minimize all windows (Show Desktop) - to free the Desktop from windows;

Undo the last (executed) command

It is possible to execute the ordering, minimizing and closing commands for several windows at the same time. To do this, click the buttons desired windows in the taskbar by holding Ctrl key and call their context menu.

Closing the window.

To close the window, click on the close button. This is the simplest and fast way closing any window. However, there are several other ways to close windows:

Key combination Alt+F4;

double click on the system menu button;

Selecting the Close command in the system menu;

· selecting the command Close (Exit) in the File group of the main menu of the window;

Selecting the Close command in the context menu of the window button in the Taskbar;

· clicking the End task button in the Task Manager window with the name of the window to be closed highlighted.

Switching between windows.

Since Windows is a multitasking system, you can open several windows at once in it, switching from one window to another if necessary. Among all open windows, one is active - this is the window that is being worked on at the moment, and the rest are inactive or passive.

Ways to switch between windows:

· click on the window button in the taskbar;

click on any visible area inactive window;

Use the Alt+Tab key combination - press the Alt key and, without releasing it, press the Tab key. This will bring up a panel with icons for all open windows. When the desired icon is highlighted, release both keys.

· Alt+Esc - switches between non-minimized windows.

5.Windows menu

5.1 System menu

The Start menu is the main link to programs, folders, and computer settings. It's called a menu because it contains a list to choose from, just like a menu in a restaurant. And as the word "Start" implies, this menu is often the place to open or launch items.

Rice. 18.Start menu

The Start menu is used for the following tasks:

Launching programs

Opening the most frequently used folders;

search for files, folders and programs;

setting up computer settings;

Obtaining help on working with the Windows operating system;

Turning off the computer

Ending a user's Windows session or switching to account another user.

5.2 Getting Started with the Start Menu

To open the Start menu, click the Start button in the lower left corner of the screen. Or press the Windows logo key on your keyboard.

The Start menu is divided into three main sections.

· The large panel on the left displays a short list of computer programs. The computer manufacturer may change this list, so the way it is displayed varies greatly. By clicking a menu item. All Programs can display a complete list of installed programs.

· In the lower left corner, there is a search field that allows you to search for programs and files on your computer using keywords.

· The right pane provides access to the most frequently used folders, files, settings, and key system properties. Here you can also end the user's Windows session or turn off the computer.

5.3 Launching programs from the start menu

Most often, the Start menu is used to launch programs installed on the computer. To launch a program displayed in the left pane of the Start menu, click it. The program will launch and the Start menu will close.

If a necessary program not listed, click All Programs at the bottom of the left pane. This displays a long list of programs in alphabetical order in the left pane, followed by a list of folders.

Clicking one of the icons will launch the corresponding program and close the Start menu. For example, if you click the Accessories folder, the panel displays a list of the programs that are in that folder. Click any program to launch it. To return to the list of programs displayed when you first opened the Start menu, click the Back button at the bottom of the screen.

If you don't know what a program is for, hover over its icon or name. A window will open, often containing information about the program. For example, hovering over "Calculator" will display the following message: "Electronic" "Calculator" is quite capable of replacing a conventional hand-held calculator. This trick also works for items displayed in the right pane of the Start menu.

Over time, the list of programs on the Start menu changes. This happens for two reasons. First, when new programs are installed, they are added to the All Programs list. Secondly, for quick access, the most frequently used programs are placed on the left panel of the Start menu.

5.4 Search box

The search field is one of the most convenient ways to search on a computer. The exact location of the objects doesn't matter - the search box searches for programs and all folders in the user's personal folder (which contains the Documents, Pictures, Music, Desktop, and other common folders libraries). Also search is carried out in messages Email, saved instant messages, appointments and contacts.

Rice. 19 Start Menu Search Box

To use the search box, open the Start menu and start typing. Clicking inside the search field before typing is optional. As you type, search results appear above the search field in the left pane of the Start menu.

The program, file or folder will be displayed in the search results in the following cases.

· Any word in the name matches the entered search criterion or begins with it.

Any text in the contents of the file - for example, the text in text document- matches or starts with the entered search criterion.

· Any word in a file property, such as the author's last name, matches or begins with the search criteria you entered. Click any search result to open it, Or click the Clear button to clear the search results and return to the main program list. You can also click Show All Results to search your entire computer.

In addition to programs, files, folders and contacts, searches are also performed in the browser's Favorites list and in the history of visited websites. If any of the web pages contain the search term, they will be displayed under the Files heading.

5.5 Right panel of system menu

Ш Personal folder. Opens a personal folder named after the current Windows user. For example, if the current user is Music, the folder will be called Music. This folder, in turn, contains the user's personal files, including the My Documents, My Music, My Pictures, and My Videos folders.

Ш Documents. Opens a document library where you can access text files, spreadsheets, presentations, and other types of documents and open them.

SH Images. Opens the Image Library, where you can access and view digital images and graphics files.

Sh Music. Opens the Music Library, where you can access music and other sound files and also play them.

SH Games. Opens the "Games" folder, which is used to access all the games on the computer.

SH Computer. Opens a window that provides access to drives, cameras, printers, scanners, and other equipment connected to the computer.

Ш Control panel. Opens a control panel that allows you to configure appearance and computer functions, add and remove programs, install network connections and manage user accounts.

Ш Devices and printers. Opens a window that allows you to view information about the printer, mouse, and other devices installed on your computer.

Ш Programs used by default. Opens a window that allows you to select a program that the Windows operating system will use to perform actions, such as accessing the Internet.

Ш Help and support. Opens the Windows Help and Support Center, where you can find help information about using Windows and computer.

Rice. 20. Right panel of system menu

At the bottom of the right pane is the Shut Down button. To turn off your computer, click the Shut Down button. user, restarting and shutting down the computer.

Fig.21. Click the "Shut Down" button

Click the arrow next to the Shut Down button to open a menu with additional features, such as switch users, log out to turn off the computer, or click the arrow to open more options.

6. Windows Sidebar and Widgets (Widgets).

The Windows Sidebar is the long, vertical bar on the side of the desktop. It contains mini-programs called gadgets that provide brief reference and quick access to frequently used tools. Widgets let you, for example, show slides, view constantly updated news headlines, and search for contacts.

Figure 22. Sidebar and Widgets

The sidebar contains information and tools at all times. For example, you can display news headlines next to open programs. Thus, to follow the news while you work, you no longer need to interrupt your work and switch to the news website.

In the sidebar, you can use the Feed Header Viewer widget to display the latest news headlines from selected sources. There is no need to stop working on the document: news headlines are always visible. If you see an interesting heading out of the corner of your eye, click it and your web browser will open the page with that article.

6.1 How to get started with Widgets

Windows comes with a small set of gadgets, but only a few of them appear in the sidebar by default. To understand how to work with widgets, consider the three apps that are visible in the sidebar when you first start Windows: Clock, Slide Show, and Feed Header Viewer.

When you hover over the Clock widget, two buttons appear in its upper right corner: the Close button - the top one - and the Options button.

Clicking the Close button removes the Clock widget from the sidebar. Another button allows you to name the clock, change the time zone and display the second hand.

Installed Widgets.

Before the widget is added to sidebar, you need to install it on your computer.

Viewing Installed Widgets:

• Clicking the plus sign (+) at the top of the sidebar opens the Widgets Gallery.

Rice. 23. Button for adding a mini-application.

Ш Press the scroll button to see all applications.

• Select a widget and click Show Details to view details of its purpose at the bottom of the dialog box.

Fig.24. Collection of Widgets

Adding and removing widgets.

Any installed widget can be added to the sidebar. Optionally, you can add multiple instances of the widget. For example, to keep track of the time in two time zones, you can add two instances of the Clock Widget and set each to the corresponding time.

Adding a Widget to the Sidebar.

b Click the plus sign (+) at the top of the sidebar to open the Widget Gallery.

Fig.25. Add Widget Button

b Double-click on a widget to add it to the sidebar.

Organize widgets.

There are several ways to organize widgets.

· You can pin all widgets to the sidebar.

· You can change the order in which widgets are displayed in the sidebar. To do this, drag the widget to a different position.

· You can pin some widgets to the sidebar, while others can be placed directly on the desktop.

· You can remove all widgets from the sidebar and place them on the desktop. With the widgets arranged like this, it might be worth closing the sidebar.

6.2 Customizing the Windows interface

Right-click on an empty area of the Start bar and select "Properties". Set all the settings as in the screenshot (with the exception of the position of the panel, in the screenshot - “Top”, you can set the value where you are used to, so that the Start panel lives on you):

Rice. 26. Taskbar

In the same window, select the “Customize” button and in the next window check the box “Always show all icons and notifications on the taskbar“. Without closing this window, select “Turn system icons on or off” and on the next screen select which icons you don’t want to see. Click “OK” and “OK” again. Right-click again on free space in the Start menu and call "Properties" Go to the "Start Menu" tab and click on the "Customize" button with the mouse:

We turn on and off the display of the elements we need and do not need in Start. Click "OK". Thus, we got a narrow start line and display of open windows, like Windows 7 Now, in order to return the classic look of the menu itself, called by the "Start" button, you need to use a third-party program called Classic Shell(read about the program here). So, download Classic Shell. Run the downloaded file for installation and install the program. After installation, we see the familiar "Start" look. If you want to do additional settings, for example, make it smaller by right-clicking on the Start icon and selecting “Settings” from the drop-down menu:

To get a standard view of the explorer (folder "My Computer"), open it, go to "Tools" - "Folder Options".

Fig.28. Folders settings

After that, click the “Apply” and “OK” button. Next, in the explorer (the “my computer” folder), select “Organize”, tick the “Menu Bar“.

View - Select columns. We expose the necessary columns in the explorer.

Press "OK"

7. Getting help information

Help in Windows can be accessed anytime, anywhere:

All folder and application windows have a Help menu item;

Dialog boxes have a button (or Help) for getting a tooltip;

On the keyboard, the key is traditionally used to get help.

If the current situation does not correspond to any particular topic of help information, then the main window of the help system will be displayed. The same window is called by the Start/Help command. This window contains three tabs:

2. Index - Organized like a book index. Keywords are listed alphabetically. You can either view the list or type the desired word in the input field at the top of the tab. At the bottom of the tab there will be a list of sections whose names begin with the given word.

3. Search - specific words and phrases are searched directly in the help text. According to the entered keyword you can get a list of all help system topics in which it occurs.

In the help text, there are words or sentences that are highlighted in a different color and underlined with a solid line. Clicking on such text will open background information on the relevant topic. You can return to a previous topic using the Back button at the top of the help window.

If a piece of text is highlighted and underlined with a dashed line, clicking on it will cause a tooltip to appear.

The text may contain the Demonstration button. By clicking on it, the described action will be performed.

Conclusion

Made by me course work on the topic "Windows Graphical Interface" is the final stage in the course of teaching the discipline "Operating Systems and Environments" in educational institutions of secondary vocational education that train specialists in the specialty "Applied Informatics (by industry)"

In my work, I tried to reveal in as much detail as possible the topic “Windows Graphical Interface” proposed to me for development. this work consists of nine sections:

The history of the creation of Windows.

Differences between non-graphical and graphical interfaces.

Windows desktop.

Task bar.

Windows and working with them.

Windows menu.

Windows Sidebar and Widgets (Widgets).

Windows interface customization.

Get help information.

Each section consists of several subsections.

My work can be used as a theoretical teaching aid both in theoretical and practical training in the preparation of future specialists in the field of working with computer technology.

Used Books.

1. Partyka T.L., Popov I.I. Operating systems, environments and shells: a textbook for open source software. - 3rd ed., Revised. and additional .- M .: FORUM: INFRA-M, 2010.-544 p.

2. Olifer V.G., Olifer N.A. network operating systems. -- St. Petersburg, "Peter", 2001.

3. Tanenbaum E. Modern operating systems. - 2nd ed. - St. Petersburg, "Peter", 2002.

4. Andreev A., Bezchubov E., Emelyanov M. Windows 2000 Professional in the original (Russian version). - St. Petersburg, "BHV-St. Petersburg", 2000.

5. 3ubkov SV. linux. Russian versions. - DMK, 2000.

6. Stakhnov A. Linux in the original. - St. Petersburg, "BHV-St. Petersburg", 2002.

7. Irtegov D. Introduction to operating systems. - St. Petersburg, "BHV-St. Petersburg" 2002

8. Gubarev VG Software and PC operating systems. Series "Textbooks, teaching aids" - Rostov-on-Don, "Phoenix", 2002

9. A.V.Gordeev, A.Yu.Molchanov System software. - St. Petersburg, "Peter", 2003

10. Partyka T.L., Popov I.I. Operating systems, environments and shells: a textbook for open source software. - 2nd ed., Rev. - M .: FORUM: INFRA-M, 2007. - 528 p.

11. Partyka T.L., Popov I.I. Operating systems, environments and shells: Textbook. - M, "FORUM: INFRA - M", 2003

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Application programming interface

Windows API (Application Programming Interfaces) is the general name for a whole set of basic functions of application programming interfaces for operating systems of the Microsoft Windows families.

The Windows API currently supports over a thousand function calls that can be used in applications. Each Windows API function has an expanded name written in both upper and lower case letters.

All basic Windows functions are declared in header files. The main header file is called WINDOWS.H, and this file contains many links to other header files.

The main difference between API functions and C library functions is that the library function code is linked to the user program code, while the API function code remains outside the user program in dynamic link libraries(DLL - Dynamic Link Library), which allows you to create more compact and efficient application code.

When a Windows program starts, it interacts with the operating system through a "dynamic linking" process. Most of the DLLs are located in the WINDOWS\SYSTEM directory.

When linking a program for Windows, in order to make it executable, it is necessary to link it with "import libraries" supplied as part of the programming environment (IDE - Integrated Development Environment), which may be, in particular, Microsoft visual studio. The import libraries contain the names of all Windows features from dynamically linked libraries and links to them. The linker uses this information to create a table in the EXE executable that Windows uses when the program is loaded to set the addresses of the API functions.

Graphical user interface

Graphical user interface(Graphical User Interface, GUI) is also called " visual interface' or 'graphical windowing environment'.

The GUI makes it possible to use graphics on a bitmap screen. Graphics give a better perception of the controls on the screen, a visually rich environment for conveying information. In a GUI, the screen becomes an input device and displays various graphical objects in the form of pictures and input structures, such as buttons or scrollbars. Using the keyboard and manipulator (mouse, touchpad), the user can directly operate objects on the screen. Graphics can be dragged, buttons can be clicked, scrollbars can be scrolled. The interaction between the user and the program becomes closer.

Users don't have to spend too much time learning how to use the computer and writing new programs. Windows encourages this because all Windows programs look and feel the same.

Any Windows program has a window - a rectangular area on the screen in which the application displays information and receives feedback from the user. A window is identified by a title. Most of the program's functions are launched through the menu. Too much information for the screen can be viewed using the scroll bars. Some menu items cause dialog boxes to appear in which the user enters additional information.

Programming Windows applications is closely related to the concepts of object-oriented programming. The main object in the Windows operating system is the window. A window can contain control elements: buttons, lists, editing windows, etc. These elements, in fact, are also windows, but with special properties.

The active window is the window that is currently receiving feedback from the user.

The main elements of the window are

1 - title bar title bar
2 - menu bar menu bar
3 - system menu system menu
4 - window minimization button minimize box
5 - window maximize button maximize box
6 - resizing frame sizing border
7 - client area client area
8 - horizontal and vertical scrollbars scroll bars

multitasking

multitasking(multitasking) - a property of the operating system to provide the possibility of parallel (or pseudo-parallel) processing of several processes.

The Windows operating system is multitasking. If the DOS program after its launch must be constantly active, and if it needs something (for example, to receive the next portion of data from the I / O device), then it must itself perform the appropriate requests to the operating system, then in Windows it is the other way around. The program is passive; after launch, it waits for the operating system to pay attention to it. The operating system does this by sending specially formatted groups of data called messages. Messages can be different type, they function in the system quite chaotically, and the application does not know what type of message will come next.

The logic for building a Windows application must ensure correct and predictable operation when messages of any type arrive. Several programs can be executed and displayed at the same time. Each program occupies a rectangular window on the screen. The user can move windows around the screen, change their size, switch between different programs and transfer data from one program to another.

The operating system will not be able to implement multitasking without memory management. As some programs start and others exit, memory becomes fragmented. The Windows operating system has tools for managing memory fragments.

Processes and Threads

A process is an instance of a program loaded into memory. A program instance can create threads ( thread ), which are a sequence of instructions to be executed.

Not processes are executed, but threads. Every process has at least one thread. This thread is called the main (main) application flow.

The threads are not actually executed at the same time, but in turn. The distribution of processor time occurs between threads, but switching between them occurs so often that it seems as if they are executing in parallel.

All threads are ranked by priority. The priority of a thread is denoted by a number from 0 to 31, and is determined based on the priority of the process that spawned the thread and the relative priority of the thread itself. In this way, the greatest flexibility is achieved, and each thread ideally gets as much time as it needs.

Descriptors

Descriptor (descriptor) of an object— service data structure, which is an unsigned integer and serves to identify various objects. The descriptor is a pointer to some system structure or an index in some system table.

Examples of descriptors described in header file windows.h

typedef void *HBITMAP ; // image handle
typedef void *HFONT ; // font descriptor

Device context

GDI is a graphical device interface. The functions of the GDI32.dll system library are used to display graphics on the screen.

Device context handle is a specific window passport for GDI functions. The device context is actually a data structure that is internally maintained by GDI. He is associated with specific device information output (printer, display). With regard to the display, in this case, the device context is usually associated with a specific window on the screen.

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Just about the complex. Programs. Iron. Internet. Windows